TABLE 1.
Weighted Percentage (SE) of Nonsmoking Youth Living in a County With a Smoke-Free Law, According to Covariates: Ages 3 to 15 Years, NHANES 1999–2006
| Sample Size, n | Total Percentage (SE) | Percentage (SE) With a Smoke-Free Law | Pa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 8800 | 20.9 (3.2) | ||
| Year | ||||
| 1999–2000 | 2112 | 21.8 (1.6) | 11.8 (3.6)b | Reference |
| 2001–2002 | 2407 | 28.0 (2.1) | 20.4 (8.5)b | .40 |
| 2003–2004 | 2130 | 25.2 (1.5) | 24.3 (7.7)b | .15 |
| 2005–2006 | 2151 | 25.0 (1.9) | 26.2 (6.0) | .04 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 4407 | 52.3 (0.78) | 21.1 (3.2) | Reference |
| Female | 4393 | 47.7 (0.78) | 20.8 (3.5) | .83 |
| Age, y | ||||
| 3–5 | 1582 | 18.8 (0.48) | 21.0 (4.1) | Reference |
| 6–11 | 3575 | 49.3 (0.78) | 20.3 (3.0) | .66 |
| 12–15 | 3643 | 31.9 (0.77) | 22.0 (3.4) | .53 |
| Household size | ||||
| ≥5 | 4863 | 46.9 (1.1) | 24.6 (4.5) | Reference |
| <5 | 3937 | 53.1 (1.1) | 17.7 (2.6) | .05 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 2776 | 15.0 (1.2) | 10.6 (2.6) | .09 |
| Non-Hispanic white | 2248 | 59.0 (1.8) | 17.6 (3.9) | Reference |
| Mexican American | 3018 | 13.4 (0.9) | 38.7 (4.4) | <.001 |
| Other | 758 | 12.6 (1.1) | 30.2 (5.5) | .004 |
| Ratio of income to poverty | ||||
| Below poverty level | 2747 | 23.3 (1.2) | 20.5 (3.3) | Reference |
| Above poverty level | 5520 | 76.7 (1.2) | 21.1 (3.4) | .74 |
| Region | ||||
| South/Midwest | 5019 | 58.9 (3.4) | 3.1 (2.3)b | <.001 |
| Northeast | 1191 | 15.6 (1.2) | 29.6 (8.5)b | .06 |
| West | 2590 | 25.5 (3.1) | 56.8 (11.0) | Reference |
| Health insurance | ||||
| Yes | 7264 | 87.4 (1.0) | 21.3 (3.3) | Reference |
| No | 1451 | 12.6 (1.0) | 19.0 (3.5) | .32 |
| BMI | ||||
| Underweight/healthy weight | 5464 | 65.8 (1.1) | 21.4 (3.8) | Reference |
| Overweight | 1445 | 16.1 (0.5) | 21.9 (3.2) | .76 |
| Obese | 1818 | 18.1 (0.9) | 19.1 (2.3) | .45 |
| Mother's age at birth, y | ||||
| <20 | 1559 | 13.6 (0.6) | 14.7 (2.3) | Reference |
| 20–24 | 2562 | 26.3 (0.9) | 18.2 (2.8) | .03 |
| 25–29 | 2296 | 28.6 (0.9) | 20.1 (3.4) | .008 |
| >30 | 2275 | 31.5 (1.2) | 26.7 (3.9) | <.001 |
| Mother smoked during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 780 | 11.3 (0.8) | 13.6 (2.6) | .001 |
| Yes but quit | 459 | 6.7 (0.3) | 17.4 (3.6) | .06 |
| No | 7421 | 82.1 (0.9) | 22.4 (3.4) | Reference |
| Low birth weight, lb | ||||
| <5.5 | 1089 | 11.2 (0.6) | 22.2 (3.4) | Reference |
| ≥5.5 | 7621 | 88.8 (0.6) | 20.7 (3.3) | .53 |
| Ever attend day care (1999–2004) | ||||
| Yes | 4406 | 72.1 (1.2) | 18.5 (4.0) | Reference |
| No | 2230 | 27.9 (1.2) | 21.1 (4.7) | .30 |
| Home secondhand smoke exposure | ||||
| Yes | 1769 | 21.9 (1.2) | 10.9 (2.3) | Reference |
| No | 6956 | 78.1 (1.2) | 23.8 (3.7) | <.001 |
a
P value (t test) to test the null hypothesis of no differences in the percentage with a smoke-free law.
b
Does not meet the standard of statistical reliability and precision (relative SE [SE/percent]) > 30%).