Figure 4. Differential effect of priming success as gender identity-congruent vs. gender identity-incongruent or no gender controls on future success expectations.

Note: Boys and girls reported higher expectations of adult success in the Success as Ingroup Congruent condition than in the other two conditions combined. The two Control conditions (Figure 1a income, F1b graduation) did not present gendered information: boys and girls saw information about income or graduation rates in the population at large. The Ingroup conditions (Figure 1c income, Figure 1d graduation) did present gendered information. Success was Ingroup Incongruent for girls when they saw the gendered income information (males earn more). Success was Ingroup Incongruent for boys when they saw the graduation information (females graduate at higher rates). Success was Ingroup Congruent for boys when they saw the income information by gender (Figure 1c) and Ingroup Congruent for girls when they saw the graduation information by gender (Figure 1d).