Table 3. Estimated annual number of domestically acquired foodborne hospitalizations and deaths caused by 31 pathogens, United States*.
| Pathogen | Hospitalization rate, %† | Hospitalizations, mean (90% credible interval) | Death rate, %† | Deaths, mean (90% credible interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||||
| Bacillus cereus, foodborne‡ | 0.4 | 20 (0–85) | 0 | 0 |
| Brucella spp. | 55.0 | 55 (33–84) | 0.9 | 1 (0–2) |
| Campylobacter spp. | 17.1 | 8,463 (4,300–15,227) | 0.1 | 76 (0–332) |
| Clostridium botulinum, foodborne‡ | 82.6 | 42 (19–77) | 17.3 | 9 (0–51) |
| Clostridium perfringens, foodborne‡ | 0.6 | 438 (44–2,008) | <0.1 | 26 (0–163) |
| STEC O157 | 46.2 | 2,138 (549–4,614) | 0.5 | 20 (0–113) |
| STEC non-O157 | 12.8 | 271 (0–971) | 0.3 | 0 (0–0)§ |
| ETEC, foodborne | 0.8 | 12 (0–53) | 0 | 0 |
| Diarrheagenic E. coli other than STEC and ETEC | 0.8 | 8 (0–36) | 0 | 0 |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 94.0 | 1,455 (521–3,018) | 15.9 | 255 (0–733) |
| Mycobacterium bovis | 55.0 | 31 (21–42) | 4.7 | 3 (2–3) |
| Salmonella spp., nontyphoidal | 27.2 | 19,336 (8,545–37,490) | 0.5 | 378 (0–1,011) |
| S. enterica serotype Typhi | 75.7 | 197 (0–583) | 0 | 0 |
| Shigella spp. | 20.2 | 1,456 (287–3,695) | 0.1 | 10 (0–67) |
| Staphylococcus aureus, foodborne‡ | 6.4 | 1,064 (173–2,997) | <0.1 | 6 (0–48) |
| Streptococcus spp. group A, foodborne‡ | 0.2 | 1 (0–6) | 0 | 0 |
| Vibrio cholerae, toxigenic | 43.1 | 2 (0–5) | 0 | 0 |
| V. vulnificus | 91.3 | 93 (53–145) | 34.8 | 36 (19–57) |
| V. parahaemolyticus | 22.5 | 100 (50–169) | 0.9 | 4 (0–17) |
| Vibrio spp., other | 37.1 | 83 (51–124) | 3.7 | 8 (3–19) |
| Yersinia enterocolitica | 34.4 | 533 (0–1,173) | 2.0 | 29 (0–173) |
| Subtotal |
|
35,796 (21,519–53,414) |
|
861 (260–1,761) |
| Parasites | ||||
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 25.0 | 210 (58–518) | 0.3 | 4 (0–19) |
| Cyclospora cayetanensis | 6.5 | 11 (0–109) | 0.0 | 0 |
| Giardia intestinalis | 8.8 | 225 (141–325) | 0.1 | 2 (1–3) |
| To xoplasma gondii | 2.6 | 4,428 (2,634–6,674) | 0.2 | 327 (200–482) |
| Trichinella spp. | 24.3 | 6 (0–17) | 0.2 | 0 (0–0) |
| Subtotal |
|
4,881 (3,060–7,146) |
|
333 (205–488) |
| Viruses | ||||
| Astrovirus | 0.4 | 87 (32–147) | <0.1 | 0 |
| Hepatitis A virus | 31.5 | 99 (42–193) | 2.4 | 7 (3–15) |
| Norovirus | 0.03 | 14,663 (8,097–23,323) | <0.1 | 149 (84–237) |
| Rotavirus | 1.7 | 348 (128–586) | <0.1 | 0 |
| Sapovirus | 0.4 | 87 (32–147) | <0.1 | 0 |
| Subtotal |
|
15,284 (8,719–23,962) |
|
157 (91–245) |
| Total | 55,961 (39,534–75,741) | 1,351 (712–2,268) |
*All estimates based on US population in 2006. STEC, Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli; ETEC, enterotoxigenic E. coli. †Unadjusted hospitalization and death rates are presented here. These rates were doubled to adjust for underdiagnosis before being applied to the number of laboratory-confirmed cases to estimate the total number of hospitalizations and deaths. The hospitalization and death rates for astrovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and sapovirus presented here are the percentage of total estimated illness and were not subject to further adjustment. ‡Estimates based on the number of foodborne illnesses ascertained in surveillance, therefore assumed to reflect only foodborne transmission. §We report median values instead of means for the distributions of deaths caused by STEC non-O157 because of extremely skewed data.