Table 4.
Summary of Logistic Models Predicting TANF Benefit Use among Low-Income Families (Below 200% of FPL) at Kindergarten
| Socio-demographics | Material Hardship | Family Health | State Predictors | State Controls | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||
| Income-to-Needs less than 50% FPL | 1.70** (.17) | 1.65** (.16) | 1.65** (.17) | 1.82** (.19) | 1.86** (.20) |
| Income-to-Needs 100%–150% of FPL | .38** (.06) | .40** (.06) | .41** (.06) | .39** (.07) | .39** (.06) |
| Income-to-Needs 150%–200% of FPL | .16** (.02) | .18** (.03) | .18** (.03) | .16** (.02) | .16** (.03) |
| Parent Education (1=HS degree or less) | 1.07 (.11) | 1.08 (.11) | 1.05 (.11) | 1.05 (.11) | 1.07 (.11) |
| Black | .96 (.18) | 1.05 (.18) | 1.04 (.18) | 1.27 (.17) | 1.43* (.20) |
| Hispanic | .98 (.28) | 1.04 (.30) | 1.05 (.30) | .83 (.12) | .94 (.13) |
| Asian | 1.78 (.58) | 1.93* (.59) | 1.69 (.54) | 1.22 (.40) | 1.23 (.31) |
| Other | 1.05 (.17) | 1.04 (.18) | 1.07 (.18) | 1.03 (.16) | 1.12 (.18) |
| Marital Status (1=married) | .36** (.04) | .38** (.04) | .38** (.04) | .39** (.03) | .39** (.03) |
| Maternal Employment (1=not employed) | 2.36** (.24) | 2.40** (.25) | 2.45** (.26) | 2.39** (.26) | 2.39** (.27) |
| Child Born in U.S. | 1.60* (.35) | 1.66* (.39) | 1.57* (.35) | 1.47 (.35) | 1.40 (.33) |
| Primary Language Spoken in Home (1=English) | 1.61* (.31) | 1.57* (.30) | 1.52* (.28) | 1.88** (.43) | 1.87** (.42) |
| City | 1.47** (.17) | 1.46** (.18) | 1.45** (.18) | 1.44** (.15) | 1.36** (.14) |
| Rural | .86 (.20) | .90 (.22) | .92 (.22) | 1.22 (.22) | 1.07 (.20) |
| Family Experiences with Material Hardship | |||||
| Residential Instability (# of moves) | 1.09** (.02) | 1.09** (.02) | 1.10** (.02) | 1.09** (.02) | |
| Financial Troubles for 1 year or less | .92 (.11) | .90 (.11) | .93 (.11) | .93 (.11) | |
| Financial Troubles for more than 1 year | 1.33* (.15) | 1.29* (.14) | 1.38** (.14) | 1.41** (.15) | |
| Marginal Food Security | 1.60** (.19) | 1.56** (.20) | 1.57** (.21) | 1.55** (.20) | |
| Low or Very Low Food Security | 1.55** (.13) | 1.46** (.12) | 1.41** (.11) | 1.42** (.12) | |
| Family Health Challenges | |||||
| Parental Health (1=fair/poor) | 1.05 (.13) | 1.06 (.14) | 1.06 (.14) | ||
| Parental Depression (logged) | 1.45** (.20) | 1.55** (.21) | 1.52** (.20) | ||
| Child Health (1=fair/poor) | .84 (.15) | .90 (.16) | .89 (.15) | ||
| State-level predictors | |||||
| TANF Coverage (Inclusion) | 2.28** (.35) | 2.82** (.73) | |||
| TANF Generosity (Adequacy) | 1.22** (.04) | 1.09 (.07) | |||
| State-level controls | |||||
| Food Stamp Coverage (Inclusion) | 1.28 (.83) | ||||
| Food Stamp Generosity (Adequacy) | .29** (.13) | ||||
| Medicaid/SCHIP Coverage (Inclusion) | .57 (.23) | ||||
| Medicaid/SCHIP Generosity (Adequacy) | .92* (.04) | ||||
| Governor is a Democrat | .95 (.18) | ||||
| Democrat Controlled Senate & House | 1.12 (.13) | ||||
| Republican Controlled Senate & House | .63** (.11) | ||||
| Proportion of Blacks in State Population | .07* (.08) | ||||
| Percent Female Headed Households | 8.61 (24.08) | ||||
| Percent Children in Families below FPL | 1.10 (2.20) | ||||
| Proportion of Immigrants in State Population | .00 (.12) | ||||
| Log of 10th percentile female wage | .72 (.24) | ||||
| Pseudo R2 | .17 | .19 | .19 | .23 | .23 |
| N (rounded to nearest 10) | 6200 | 6130 | 6020 | 6020 | 6020 |
Note: Standard errors are adjusted for clustering of families within states and are presented in parentheses. Coefficients are reported in Odd Ratios.
Note: Sample sizes are rounded to nearest ten per NCES regulations.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01.