Table 5.
Summary of Logistic Models Predicting Food Stamp Benefit Use among Low-Income Families (Below 200% of FPL) at Kindergarten
| Socio-demographics | Material Hardship | Family Health | State Predictors | State Controls | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||
| Income-to-Needs less than 50% FPL | 1.89** (.17) | 1.86** (.17) | 1.86** (.17) | 1.87** (.17) | 1.87** (.18) |
| Income-to-Needs 100%–150% of FPL | .29** (.03) | .29** (.03) | .29** (.03) | .29** (.03) | .30** (.03) |
| Income-to-Needs 150%–200% of FPL | .10** (.01) | .11** (.01) | .11** (.01) | .11** (.01) | .11** (.01) |
| Parent Education (1=HS degree or less) | 1.50** (.11) | 1.52** (.11) | 1.48** (.11) | 1.48** (.11) | 1.48** (.11) |
| Black | 1.72** (.17) | 1.92** (.17) | 1.95** (.18) | 1.96** (.18) | 2.15** (.25) |
| Hispanic | .85 (.08) | .91 (.09) | .92 (.09) | .94 (.10) | .97 (.10) |
| Asian | 1.43 (.39) | 1.67* (.43) | 1.54 (.44) | 1.55 (.45) | 1.53 (.45) |
| Other | .95 (.13) | .96 (.14) | .98 (.15) | .99 (.16) | 1.07 (.19) |
| Marital Status (1=married) | .37** (.03) | .38** (.03) | .39** (.03) | .39** (.03) | .38** (.03) |
| Maternal Employment (1=not employed) | 2.31** (.20) | 2.38** (.20) | 2.40** (.21) | 2.39** (.21) | 2.38** (.21) |
| Child Born in U.S. | 2.32** (.58) | 2.63** (.69) | 2.50** (.63) | 2.49** (.63) | 2.46** (.64) |
| Primary Language Spoken in Home (1=English) | 1.79** (.25) | 1.71** (.24) | 1.62** (.22) | 1.62** (.22) | 1.62** (.23) |
| City | 1.29** (.11) | 1.28** (.10) | 1.29** (.11) | 1.29** (.11) | 1.28** (.10) |
| Rural | 1.10 (.14) | 1.18 (.14) | 1.22 (.15) | 1.21 (.15) | 1.16 (.19) |
| Family Experiences with Material Hardship | |||||
| Residential Instability (# of moves) | 1.14** (.03) | 1.14** (.03) | 1.14** (.03) | 1.12** (.03) | |
| Financial Troubles for 1 year or less | 1.23** (.09) | 1.19* (.09) | 1.19* (.09) | 1.21* (.09) | |
| Financial Troubles for more than 1 year | 1.31* (.15) | 1.28* (.14) | 1.28* (.14) | 1.31* (.15) | |
| Marginal Food Security | 1.57** (.16) | 1.51** (.16) | 1.52** (.16) | 1.47** (.15) | |
| Low or Very Low Food Security | 1.36** (.12) | 1.20* (.11) | 1.21* (.11) | 1.19 (.11) | |
| Family Health | |||||
| Parental Health (1=fair/poor) | 1.39 ** (.13) | 1.39** (.13) | 1.39** (.13) | ||
| Parental Depression (logged) | 1.59** (.18) | 1.59** (.18) | 1.57** (.19) | ||
| Child Health (1=fair/poor) | .77 (.14) | .77 (.14) | .76 (.14) | ||
| State-level predictors | |||||
| Food Stamp Coverage (Inclusion) | 1.22 (.64) | 1.14 (1.14) | |||
| Food Stamp Generosity (Adequacy) | .94 (.24) | .60 (.34) | |||
| State-level controls | |||||
| TANF Coverage (Inclusion) | 1.16 (.26) | ||||
| TANF Generosity (Adequacy) | .94 (.05) | ||||
| Medicaid/SCHIP Coverage (Inclusion) | .84 (.47) | ||||
| Medicaid/SCHIP Generosity (Adequacy) | .99 (.06) | ||||
| Governor is a Democrat | .99 (.15) | ||||
| Democrat Controlled Senate & House | 1.20 (.21) | ||||
| Republican Controlled Senate & House | .86 (.15) | ||||
| Proportion of Blacks in State Population | .14 (.16) | ||||
| Percent Female Headed Households | .23 (.40) | ||||
| Percent Children in Families below FPL | 8.94 (13.24) | ||||
| Proportion of Immigrants in State Population | .00 (.00) | ||||
| Log of 10th percentile female wage | 1.28 (.46) | ||||
| Pseudo R2 | .26 | .28 | .29 | .29 | .29 |
| N (rounded to nearest 10) | 6210 | 6130 | 6020 | 6020 | 6020 |
Note: Standard errors are adjusted for clustering of families within states and are presented in parentheses. Coefficients are reported in Odd Ratios.
Note: Sample sizes are rounded to nearest ten per NCES regulations.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01.