Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with either first or second trimester dietary intake assessments (n = 1210)
| Characteristics | N | % or mean ± SD |
|---|---|---|
| Mother and Family | ||
| Maternal age at enrollment, y | 1210 | 32.5 ± 5.0 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| White | 892 | 73.8% |
| Black or African American | 139 | 11.5% |
| Hispanic or Latina | 67 | 5.5% |
| Other | 111 | 9.2% |
| Parity | ||
| Nulliparous | 577 | 47.7% |
| 1 | 434 | 35.9% |
| 2 | 153 | 12.6% |
| ≥3 | 46 | 3.8% |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | 1206 | 24.6 ± 5.1 |
| Smoking during index pregnancy | ||
| No | 1062 | 89.7% |
| Yes | 122 | 10.3% |
| Mother’s PPVT-III scorea | 1181 | 106.1 ± 14.5 |
| Highest grade level completed by mother | ||
| Some college or less | 340 | 28.1% |
| College graduate or more | 869 | 71.9% |
| Highest grade level completed by father | ||
| Some college or less | 345 | 30.7% |
| College graduate or more | 778 | 69.3% |
| Maternal dietary intakeb | ||
| Folate, periconceptional supplementsc (µg/d) | 1148 | 405 ± 405 |
| Vitamin B12, periconceptional supplements (µg/d) | 1148 | 4.5 ± 14.0 |
| First Trimester | ||
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1148 | 2090 ± 655 |
| Folate, total (µg/d) | 1148 | 949 ± 390 |
| Folate, food sources (µg/d) | 1148 | 367 ± 126 |
| Vitamin B12, total (µg/d) | 1148 | 10.8 ± 15.7 |
| Vitamin B12, food sources (µg/d) | 1148 | 6.3 ± 4.0 |
| Choline (mg/d) | 1148 | 332 ± 63 |
| Betaine (mg/d) | 1148 | 243 ± 108 |
| Methionine (mg/d) | 1148 | 2053 ± 408 |
| Iron (mg/d) | 1148 | 34.2 ± 17.6 |
| Fish (servings/wk) | 1148 | 1.7 ± 1.4 |
| Second Trimester | ||
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1083 | 2139 ± 607 |
| Folate, total (µg/d) | 1083 | 1272 ± 381 |
| Folate, food sources (µg/d) | 1083 | 367 ± 128 |
| Vitamin B12, total (µg/d) | 1083 | 10.6 ± 6.4 |
| Vitamin B12, food sources (µg/d) | 1083 | 6.3 ± 3.6 |
| Choline (mg/d) | 1083 | 325 ± 64 |
| Betaine (mg/d) | 1083 | 234 ± 103 |
| Methionine (mg/d) | 1083 | 2065 ± 375 |
| Iron (mg/d) | 1083 | 49.4 ± 24.2 |
| Fish (servings/wk) | 1083 | 1.6 ± 1.4 |
| Child | ||
| Sex, % female (n) | 608 | 50.3% |
| Age at 3 y testing (mo) | 1210 | 39.5 ± 4.1 |
| Speaks English as a second language, % (n) | 41 | 3.4% |
| Cognitive tests scores at age 3 y | ||
| PPVT-III | 1186 | 103.9 ± 14.3 |
| WRAVMA | ||
| Total standard | 1147 | 102.3 ± 11.2 |
| Drawing | 1195 | 99.4 ± 11.2 |
| Matching | 1167 | 108.0 ± 13.6 |
| Pegboard | 1192 | 98.4 ± 10.7 |
a
PPVT, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
b
Nutrient values are adjusted for total-energy intake (residuals method)
c
Intake from supplements at 0–4 wk of gestation