Table 1.
Review of Empirical Findings on Predictors of Female Antisocial Behavior.
| Summary of Empirical Studies | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Authors | Method | Sample | Do the findings evidence risk for female antisocial behavior? |
|
| Heritability | • Jacobson, Prescott, & Kendler (2002) | Retrospective | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 2580 adult twin pairs & 1622 unmatched adult twins |
Additive Genetic Effect | YES |
| • Rhee & Waldman (2002) | Meta-analysis of 17 twin studies | ▪ Female & Male ▪ Children, adolescents, & adults |
Additive Genetic Effect | YES | |
| • Arseneault et al. (2003) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1116 high-risk child twin pairs |
Additive Genetic Effect | YES | |
| • Hudziak et al. (2003) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 14859 child twin pairs |
Additive Genetic Effect | YES | |
| • Gelhorn et al. (2005) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1100 child twin pairs |
Additive Genetic Effect | YES | |
| • McGue,Iacono, & Krueger (2006) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1080 adolescents |
Additive Genetic Effect | YES | |
| • Hicks et al.(2007) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 626 adolescent twin pairs |
Additive Genetic Effect | YES | |
| • Maes, Silberg, Neale, & Eaves (2007) | Longitudinal & Retrospective | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 4486 adolescent twin pairs |
Additive Genetic Effect | YES | |
| • Van Hulle et al. (2007) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 2403 adolescents |
Additive Genetic Effect | YES | |
| • Goldstien, Prescott, & Kendler (2001) | Retrospective | ▪ Females only ▪ 971.5 adult twin pairs |
Additive Genetic Effect | YES | |
| Genotype | • Widom & Brzustowicz (2006) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 600 (300 high-risk) adults |
MAO-A short allele + childhood adversity MAO-A long allele + childhood adversity |
YES NO |
| • Frazzetto et al (2007) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 235 (90 high-risk) adults |
MAO-A short allele + early traumatic events MAO-A long allele + early traumatic events |
NO NO |
|
| • Wakshlag et al. (2009) | Prospective | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 176 adolescents |
MAO-A short allele + prenatal cigarette exposure MAO-A long allele + prenatal cigarette exposure |
NO YES |
|
| • Caspi et al.(2002– Note 30) | Longitudinal | ▪ Females only ▪ 481 adolescents |
MAO-A short allele + childhood maltreatment MAO-A long allele + childhood maltreatment |
YES NO |
|
| • Nilsson et al. 2007) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Females only ▪ 114 adolescents |
MAO-A short allele + childhood adversity MAO-A long allele + childhood adversity |
NO YES |
|
| • Sjoberg et al.(2007) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Females only ▪ 119 adolescents with varying risk |
MAO-A short allele + childhood adversity MAO-A long allele + childhood adversity |
NO YES |
|
| • Ducci et al. (2008) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Females only ▪ 291 (half high-risk) adults |
MAO-A short allele + childhood adversity MAO-A long allele + childhood adversity |
YES NO |
|
| • Gokturk et al. (2008) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Females only ▪ 741 (110 high-risk) adults |
MAO-A short allele MAO-A long allele |
NO YES |
|
| • Prom-Wormley et al. (2008) | Longitudinal | ▪ Females only ▪ 721 children & adolescents |
MAO-A short allele MAO-A long allele |
YES NO |
|
| • Kinnally et al. (2009) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Females only ▪ 159 adults |
MAO-A short allele + low paternal care MAO-A long allele + low paternal care |
NO YES |
|
| Personality/Temperament | • Caspi, Henry, McGee, Moffitt, & Silva (1995) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 925 children |
Lack of control | YES |
| • Guerin, Gottfried, & Thomas (1997) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 130 children |
Difficult temperament | YES | |
| • Krueger, McGue, & Iacono (2001) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1180 adults |
Dysconstraint | YES | |
| • Miller & Lynam (2001) | Meta-analysis of 59 studies | ▪ Female & Male ▪ Adolescents, & adults |
Psychoticism, low agreeableness, negative emotionality, novelty seeking, low conscientiousness |
YES | |
| • Lynam, Leukefeld, & Clayton (2003) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 481 adults |
Stability in personality from adolescence to adulthood |
YES | |
| • Taylor & Iacono (2007) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 827 adolescents |
Dysconstraint, aggression | YES | |
| Parenting Style | • Rothbaum & Weiz (1994) | Meta-analysis of 13 studies | ▪ Female & Male ▪ Children & adolescents |
Parental caregiving | YES |
| • Brody & Flor (1998) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 156 high-risk children |
Maternal social + financial resources |
YES | |
| • Avry, Duncan, Duncan, & Hops (1999) | Longitudinal | ▪ Femal & Male ▪ 204 adolescents |
Parent-child involvement and relations |
YES | |
| • Scaramella, Conger, & Simons (1999) | Longitudinal | ▪ Femal & Male ▪ 319 adolescents |
Parental warmth, low hostility, child management skills |
YES | |
| • Pettit, Laird, Dodge, Bates, & Criss (2001) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 440 adolescents |
Psychological control | YES | |
| • Pittman & Chase-Lansdale (2001) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Females only ▪ 302 high-risk adolescents |
Low warmth & supervision |
YES | |
| • Gershoff (2002) | Meta-analyses of 11 studies | ▪ Female & Male ▪ Children, adolescents, & adults |
Corporal punishment: Female < Male |
YES | |
| • Zhou et al. (2002) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 180 children |
Parental warmth & positive expressiveness |
YES | |
| • Thornberry, Freeman-Gallant, Lizotte, Krohn, & Smith (2003) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ Children, adolescents, & adults |
Parental warmth & Consistency |
YES | |
| • Eisenberg et al. (2005) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 186 adolescents |
Positive parenting | YES | |
| • Reitz, Dekovic, & Meiger (2006) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 650 adolescents |
Parenting style | YES | |
| • Hart, O’Toole, Price-Sharps, & Shaffer (2007) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 124 adolescents |
Parental responsiveness & demandingness |
YES | |
| • Manongdo & Garcia (2007) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 91 adolescents |
Maternal supportive parenting |
YES | |
| • Jones et al. (2008) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 196 high-risk children |
Maternal warmth | YES | |
| • Miner & Clarke-Stewart (2008) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1,364 children |
Mother sensitivity | YES | |
| • Blatt-Eisengart, Drabick, Monahan, & Steinberg (2009) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1,364 children |
Maternal intrusiveness | YES | |
| • McDonald, Jouriles, Tart, & Minze (2009) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 258 high-risk children |
Parent-child aggression | YES | |
|
Parental Monitoring |
• Kim, Hetherington, & Reiss (1999) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 654 adolescents |
Parental monitoring | YES |
| • Formoso, Gonzales, & Aiken (2000) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 284 high-risk adolescents |
Parental monitoring | YES | |
| • Stattin & Kerr (2000) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 703 adolescents |
Parental monitoring | YES | |
| • Donenberg, Wilson, Emerson, & Bryant (2002) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 169 high-risk adolescents |
Parental monitoring | YES | |
| • Bowman, Prelow, & Weaver (2007) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 135 high-risk adolescents |
Parental monitoring | YES | |
| • Fulkerson, Pasch, Perry, & Komro (2008) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 3,250 adolescents with varying risk |
Parental monitoring | YES | |
| • Laird, Criss, Pettit, Dodge, & Bates (2008) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 504 adolescents |
Parental monitoring | YES | |
| • Vieno, Nation, Pastore, & Santinello (2009) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1,147 adolescents |
Parental monitoring | YES | |
| • Windle et al. (2010) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 598 children |
Parental monitoring | YES | |
| • Cernkovich, Lanctot, & Giordano (2008) | Longitudinal | ▪ Females only ▪ 109 high- risk adolescents |
Parental monitoring | YES | |
| Deviant Peers | • Mears, Ploeger, & Warr (1998) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1,626 adolescents |
Deviant peers | YES |
| • Liu & Kaplan (1999) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 2,753 adolescents |
Deviant peers | YES | |
| • Erickson, Crosnoe, & Dornbusch (2000) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 2,000 adolescents |
Deviant peers | YES | |
| • Ardelt & Day (2002) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 121 high-risk adolescents |
Deviant peers | YES | |
| • Werner & Silbereisen (2003) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 248 adolescents |
Deviant peers | YES | |
| • Chapple, Johnson, & Whitbeck (2004) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 309 adolescent runaways |
Deviant peers | NO | |
| • Heinze, Toro, & Urberg (2004) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 401 (252 high-risk) adolescents |
Deviant peers | YES | |
| • Piquero, Gover, MacDonald, & Piquero (2005) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1600 adolescents |
Deviant peers | NO | |
| • Jennings, Maldonado-Molina, & Komro (2010) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 3,038 adolescents |
Deviant peers | YES | |
| • Hubbard & Pratt (2002) | Meta-analysis of 97 effect size estimates |
▪ Females only ▪ Children & adolescents |
Deviant peers | YES | |
| Early Menarche | • Flannery et al. (1993) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 773 adolescents |
Early Puberty | YES |
| • Beaver & Wright (2005) | Cross-sectional | ▪Female & Male ▪ 6504 adolescents |
Early Puberty | YES | |
| • Ge, Brody, Conger, Simons, & McBride-Murray (2006) | Cross-sectional | ▪Female & Male ▪ 867 adolescents |
Early Puberty | YES | |
| • Negriff & Trickett (2009) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 454 high-risk adolescents |
Early Puberty | YES | |
| • Dick, Rose, Viken, & Kaprio (2000) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Females only ▪ 3065 adolescent twin pairs |
Early Puberty + urban context |
YES | |
| • Haynie (2003) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Females only ▪ 5477 adolescents |
Early Puberty | YES | |
| • Kaltiala-Heino et al. (2003) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & male ▪ 36, 549 adolescents |
Early Puberty | YES | |
| • Obeidallah et al. (2004) | Longitudinal | ▪ Females only ▪ 501 adolescents |
Early Puberty + Neighborhood disadvantage |
YES | |
| • Burt, McGue, DeMarte, Krueger & Iacono (2006) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female only ▪ 708 mid-adolescent twins |
Early Puberty | YES | |
| • Lynne et al. (2007) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1366 early adolescents |
Early Puberty (mediated by association with delinquent peers) |
YES | |
| • Susman, Dockray, Schiefelbein, Heaton, Dorn, & Herwehe (2007) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 111 early adolescents |
Early puberty | YES | |
| • Negriff, Fung & Trickett (2008) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 454 adolescents |
Early Puberty | YES | |
| • Najman, Hayatbakhsh, McGee, Bor, O’Callaghan & Williams (2009) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 2,784 adults followed up for 21 years |
Early Puberty | YES | |
| • Carter, Jaccard, Silverman & Pina (2009) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female only ▪ 102 high risk adolescent girls |
Early Puberty + urban context |
YES | |
| Sexual Abuse | • Garnefski & Arends (1998) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1490 adolescents |
Sexual abuse | YES |
| • Mason, Zimmerman & Evans (1998) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 396 incarcerated adolescents |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Acoca (1999) | Cross-sectional qualitative | ▪Female only ▪ 193 interviews and 956 case file reviews, incarcerated adolescent girls |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • MacMillan et al. (2001) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 7016 adults |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Phan & Kingree (2001) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 272 arrested adolescents |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • McCabe, Lansing, Garland, & Hough (2002) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 625 high-risk adolescents |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Gault-Sherman, Silver, & Sigfusdottir (2009) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 8618 adolescents & young adults |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Verona & Sachs-Ericsson (2005) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 5424 adults |
Child abuse | YES | |
| • Herrera & McCloskey (2003) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female only ▪ 141 children followed through adolescence |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Siegel & Williams (2003) | Longitudinal | ▪ Females only ▪ 411 victims of sexual abuse & 205 matched controls; adults |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Bergen, Martin, Richardson, Allison, & Roger (2004) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 7,361 adolescents from 27 schools |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Wright, Friedrich, Cinq-Mars, Cyr, & McDuff (2004) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female only ▪ 3 samples (Ns = 140, 430, and 94) of varying risk |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Gunnison & McCartan(2005) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female only ▪ 131 incarcerated adults |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Arata, Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Bowers, & O’Brien (2007) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1,452 adolescents |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Leeb, Barker, & Strine (2007) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 3,487 high-risk adolescents |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Cernkovich, Lanctot, & Giordano (2008) | Longitudinal | ▪ Females only ▪ 109 high-risk adults |
Sexual abuse | YES | |
| • Hahm, Lee, Ozonoff, & Wert (2010) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female only ▪ 7,576 adults |
Sexual abuse + other types of maltreatment |
YES | |
| Romantic Partners/ -Sex Friends | • Seffrin, Giordano, Manning, & Longmore (2009) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1,090 adolescents |
Antisocial romantic partner | YES |
| • Arndorfer & Stormshak (2008) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female &Male ▪ 955 adolescents |
Opposite-sex friends | YES | |
| • Haynie, Steffensmeier, & Bell (2007) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 14,044 adolescents |
Opposite-sex friends | YES | |
| • Rebellon & Manasse (2004) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 1,725 adolescents |
Opposite-sex romantic partner |
YES | |
| • Haynie, Giordano, Manning, & Longmore (2005) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 2,945 adolescents |
Antisocial romantic partner |
YES | |
| • Simons, Stewart, Gordon, Conger, & Elder (2002) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 236 adolescents |
Antisocial romantic partner |
YES | |
| • Moffitt et al. (2001) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 211 adults |
Antisocial romantic partner |
YES | |
| • Caspi, Lynam, Moffitt, & Silva (1993) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female only ▪ 479 adolescents |
Opposite-sex friends + mixed-sex schools |
YES | |
|
Intimate Partner Violence |
• Katz (2000) | Longitudinal | ▪ Female only ▪ Waves 1 and 7 of the National Longitudinal Study, adolescents & adults |
IPV | YES |
| • Carbone-Lopez et al. (2006) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 16,000 adults |
IPV | YES | |
| • Simpson et al (2008) | Cross-sectional mixed-methods | ▪ Female only ▪ 351 adults (forensic sample) |
IPV | YES | |
| • Kruttshnitt & Carbon-Lopez (2006) | Cross-sectional qualitative |
▪ Female only ▪ 205 adults (forensic sample) |
IPV | YES | |
| • Pettiway (1997) | In-depth qualitative | ▪ Female only ▪ 5 case studies |
IPV | YES | |
| Sex Work | • Bertrand & Nadeau (2006) | Qualitative | ▪ Female only ▪ 21 adult women (in treatment) |
Sex work | YES |
| • Greiger (2006) | In-depth qualitative | ▪ Female only ▪ 8 case studies (forensic sample) |
Sex work | YES | |
| • Johnson (2006) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female only ▪ 470 adults (forensic sample) |
Sex work | YES | |
| • Norton-Hawk (2004) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female only ▪ 50 adults (forensic sample) |
Sex work + male pimps | YES | |
| • Pedersen & Hegna (2003) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female & Male ▪ 10,828 adolescents |
Sex work | YES | |
| • Cusick (2002) | Qualitative | ▪ Female & Male ▪ Youth prostitution |
Sex work | YES | |
| • Yacoubian et al (2001) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female only ▪ 3.587 adults (forensic sample) |
Sex work | YES | |
| • Dalla (2000) | In-depth qualitative | ▪ Female only ▪ 43 adult sex workers |
Sex work | YES | |
| • Graham & Wish (1994) | Cross-sectional mixed-methods |
▪ Female only ▪ 164 adults (forensic sample) |
Sex work | YES | |
| • Sharpe (1998) | In-depth qualitative | ▪ Female only ▪ 40 female sex workers |
Sex work | YES | |
| • Kuhns et al (1992) | Cross-sectional | ▪ Female only ▪ 53 sex workers and 47 arrestees |
Sex work | YES | |