Table 3.
Comparison of maternal, infant, and labor and delivery characteristics by profiles
| Variable | Social/Easy Going (n=158) |
Hypotonic (n=85) |
High Arousal/Difficult (n=112) |
P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age (years) | 30 ± 5.6 | 30 ± 6.2 | 29 ± 5.7 | 0.30 |
| Race (African-American) | 44 (28%) | 25 (29%) | 41 (37%) | 0.29 |
| Married/living with someone | 113 (83%) | 82 (80%) | 47 (84%) | 0.18 |
| Household income | 55 (27.5, 85) | 55 (27.5, 75) | 45 (22.5, 85) | 0.16b |
| Employed | 130 (82%) | 69 (81%) | 94 (84%) | 0.88 |
| 4 year college degree | 90 (57%) | 44 (52%) | 51 (46%) | 0.18 |
| Mod/Sev Depression (BDI ≥ 20) | 10 (6%) | 9 (11%) | 9 (8%) | 0.52 |
| Anti-depressant medication use | 9 (6%) | 11 (13%) | 6 (5%) | 0.07 |
| Marijuana use | 11 (7%) | 6 (7%) | 8 (7%) | 0.99 |
| Alcohol use | 0.23 | |||
| Never drank alcohol | 83 (53%) | 42 (49%) | 71 (63%) | |
| Alcohol use <1/mo | 50 (32%) | 27 (32%) | 30 (27%) | |
| Alcohol use >1/mo | 25 (16%) | 16 (19%) | 11 (10%) | |
| Reported active smoking | 12 (8%) | 8 (9%) | 12 (11%) | 0.67 |
| Maternal serum cotinine >3 ng/ml | 15 (9%) | 10 (12%) | 16 (14%) | 0.48 |
| Maternal max serum cotinine (ng/ml) | 0.082 [0.0004, 14] | 0.097 [0.0006, 16] | 0.130 [0.0006, 29] | 0.33b |
| Maternal max lead (μg/dL) | 0.81 [0.35, 1.84] | 0.84 [0.37, 1.92] | 0.84 [0.35, 1.99] | 0.79 |
| Infant characteristics | ||||
| Male | 73 (46%) | 38 (45%) | 55 (49%) | 0.81 |
| Birthweight (g) | 3386 ± 561 | 3454 ± 750 | 3343 ± 563 | 0.45 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.1 ± 1.6 | 38.9 ± 2.0 | 39.1 ± 1.6 | 0.77 |
| Gestational age < 37 weeks | 12 (8%) | 9 (11%) | 10 (9%) | 0.73 |
| Gestational age at exam (weeks) | 43.9 ± 1.8 | 43.8 ± 2.3 | 44.1 ± 2.0 | 0.58 |
| Birth order | 0.59 | |||
| First child | 64 (41%) | 42 (49%) | 49 (44%) | |
| Second child | 57 (36%) | 22 (26%) | 36 (32%) | |
| > Second child | 37 (23%) | 21 (25%) | 27 (24%) | |
| Breastfed (yes) | 132 (84%) | 69 (81%) | 90 (80%) | 0.78 |
| NICU stay (yes) | 6 (4%) | 5 (6%) | 6 (5%) | 0.73 |
| Length of NICU stay (days) | 12 ± 9.2 | 11 ± 11.2 | 5 ± 4.8 | 0.34 |
| Labor and Delivery | ||||
| Cesarean | 49 (31%) | 26 (31%) | 29 (26%) | 0.63 |
| Labor > 10 hours | 43 (34%) | 20 (32%) | 28 (30%) | 0.84 |
| Anesthesia (none) | 17 (11%) | 10 (12%) | 12 (11%) | 0.96 |
a
Difference in profile p-values from chi-square test for binary outcomes and from ANOVA for continuous outcomes.
b
P-value from Kruskal-Wallis test.
Denominators may vary due to missing data.
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (25th, 75th percentile), geometric mean [95% confidence interval] or n (%).