Table 1.
Summary of nanotechnology developments for targeting of drug-resistant and cancer stem cells.
| Cancer type | Nanodelivery approach | Tumor targeting | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drug delivery | |||
| Brain | Curcumin-loaded nanoparticles | None | [36] |
| Breast | Nanomicelles plus paclitaxel | None | [52] |
| Breast | Triblock polymeric micelles with doxorubicin | None | [51] |
| Breast | Stealth liposomal daunorubicin + tamoxifen | None | [45] |
| Breast | Stealth liposomes with all-trans retinoic acid | None | [44] |
| Breast | Poly(benzylglutamate)-hyaluronan polymerosomes with doxorubicin | CD44 | [39] |
| Ovarian | Paclitaxel–hyaluronan bioconjugate | CD44 | [37] |
| Skin (squamous) | Hyaluronic acid-nanoparticles | CD44 | [38] |
| Colon | mAb-modified lipid nanocapsules | CD133 | [42] |
| Ovarian/uterine | mAb-vectorized PLGA nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin | HER2 receptor | [49] |
| Breast/ovarian | Targeted PEG–PLGA nanoparticles of paclitaxel/lonidamine | EGF receptor | [47] |
| Breast | Biotin-treated nanoparticles with paclitaxel + tariquidar | Biotin receptor | [48] |
| Cervical | Notch signaling GSI-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles | Folate receptor | [50] |
| Leukemia | Drug delivery using synthetic low-density lipoprotein particles | Apolipoprotein B receptor | [43] |
| Breast | Liposomes with dequalinium + daunorubicin + quinacrine | Mitochondria | [46] |
| Targeting genes active in CSCs | |||
| Colon | Lipid nano complex of anti-P-gp siRNA + paclitaxel | None | [55] |
| Brain | Liposomes with anti-MGMT siRNA for oral temozolomide therapy | None | [58] |
| Ovarian | Liposome-polycation formulations of anti-P-gp siRNA | None | [56] |
| Pancreatic | Anti-TG-2 siRNA in neutral DOPC liposomes + gemcitabine | VEGF & TG2 receptors | [57] |
| Breast | Biotin-treated nanoparticles for anti-P-gp siRNA + paclitaxel therapy | Biotin receptor | [54] |
| Destruction of CSCs/niche | |||
| Breast | Drug-loaded nanoparticles and pulsed ultrasound treatment | None | [65] |
| Breast | Alginate-PVA nanoparticles for chemo- and photodynamic therapy | None | [61] |
| Melanoma | Ag–Au core–hyaluronan shell nanogels for photothermal treatment | CD44 | [40,41] |
| Leukemia | Indocyanine green-silicate nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy | CD71, gastrin and Tf receptors | [62] |
| Brain | mAb-vectorized SWNT for hypothermic treatment | CD133 | [63] |
| Leukemia | mAb-functionalized carbon nanotubes | P-gp | [64] |
| Pancreatic | Targeted gold nanoparticles and radio frequency-based therapy | HER2 and PAM4 receptors | [60] |
Ag: Silver; Au: Gold; CSC: Cancer stem cell; DOPC: Di-oleoylphosphatidylcholine; GSI: γ-secretase inhibitor; mAb: Monoclonal antibody; MGMT: O-6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase; P-gp: P-glycoprotein; PEG: Polyethylene glycol; PLGA: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PVA: Poly(vinyl alcohol); SWNT: Single-walled carbon nanotube; Tf: Transferrin; TG2: Tissue transglutaminase.