Table 2. Risk factors/indicators of the pre- to postoperative change in VA.

Variable	Adjusted difference in means (95% CI)a	P-value
Age
<60	0.00	<0.0001
60–69	−0.29 (−0.40, −0.19)
70–79	−0.75 (−0.85, −0.66)
80–89	−1.33 (−1.43, −1.23)
90+	−2.18 (−2.37, −1.99)
Gender
Female	0.00	0.0003
Male	0.10 (0.04, 0.15)
Axial lengthb
≤22.37	−0.47 (−0.55, −0.39)	<0.0001
22.38–22.95	−0.12 (−0.20, −0.05)
22.96–23.47	0.00
23.48–24.18	0.05 (−0.02, 0.12)
≥24.19	−0.06 (−0.13, 0.02)
Any ocular comorbidity
No	0.00	<0.0001
Yes	−0.52 (−0.63, −0.42)
Age-related macular degeneration
No	0.00	<0.0001
Yes	−0.94 (−1.10, −0.78)
Diabetic retinopathy
No	0.00	<0.0001
Yes	−0.97 (−1.19, −0.75)
Amblyopia
No	0.00	<0.0001
Yes	−1.16 (−1.46, −0.87)
Corneal pathology
No	0.00	<0.0001
Yes	−0.69 (−0.95, −0.43)
High myopia
No	0.00	0.0372
Yes	−0.27 (−0.52, −0.02)
Previous vitrectomy
No	0.00	<0.0001
Yes	−2.14 (−2.74, −1.53)
Previous retinal detachment surgery
No	0.00	0.0169
Yes	−0.47 (−0.86, −0.08)
Brunescent or white cataract
No	0.00	0.0012
Yes	0.53 (0.21, 0.85)
Pupil size at surgery
Large	0.00	0.0136
Medium	0.07 (−0.01, 0.15)
Small	−0.19 (−0.36, −0.02)
Inability to cooperate
No	0.00	0.0027
Yes	−0.25 (−0.41, −0.09)
Tamsulosin
No	0.00	0.0495
Yes	0.24 (0.01, 0.46)
Posterior capsule rupture
No	0.00	<0.0001
Yes	−1.12 (−1.47, −0.77)

Multiple regression analysis; N=40 625; R² for model=0.69.

^aEffect size refers to LogMAR lines of change, eg, eyes with amblyopia experienced on average 1.16 LogMAR lines less improvement than those with no amblyopia after adjustment for baseline VA and other significant effects.

^bAxial length divided into quintiles.