Table 1.
Means, Standard Deviations, and Correlations (n=279)
| Raw Score
|
Standard Score
|
Correlations
|
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | NV | L | A | WM-S | WM-N | PP | PS | 2C | 2W | 3C | 3W | |
| Domain-General | |||||||||||||||
| Cognitive Resources | |||||||||||||||
| Nonverbal Reasoning (NV) | 12.28 | (5.71) | 48.34 | (9.74) | |||||||||||
| Language (L) | 0.17 | (0.95) | NA | .23 | |||||||||||
| Attentive Behavior (A) | 36.72 | (11.87) | NA | .26 | .46 | ||||||||||
| Working Memory-Sentences (WM-S) | 7.74 | (3.55) | NA | .26 | .28 | .25 | |||||||||
| Working Memory-Numbers (WM-N) | 14.34 | (3.39) | NA | .29 | .21 | .26 | .35 | ||||||||
| Phonological Processing (PP) | 15.53 | (4.22) | 9.47 | (1.73) | .32 | .27 | .40 | .31 | .13 | ||||||
| Processing Speed (PS) | 11.39 | (2.59) | 95.06 | (12.93) | .27 | .21 | .28 | .27 | .11 | .21 | |||||
| Arithmetic Skills | |||||||||||||||
| Grade 2 Calculations (2C) | 8.60 | (4.68) | NA | .19 | .22 | .32 | .21 | .12 | .27 | .34 | |||||
| Grade 2 Word Problems (2W) | 7.70 | (3.78) | NA | .34 | .52 | .52 | .30 | .23 | .32 | .30 | .42 | ||||
| Grade 3 Calculations (3C) | 94.15 | (30.31) | NA | .35 | .31 | .52 | .21 | .26 | .39 | .34 | .59 | .47 | |||
| Grade 3 Word Problems (3W) | 13.01 | (4.02) | 44.27 | (15.63) | .41 | .59 | .56 | .38 | .29 | .43 | .31 | .43 | .62 | .54 | |
| Pre-Algebraic Knowledge | 12.37 | (5.11) | NA | .43 | .48 | .51 | .26 | .27 | .40 | .33 | .42 | .56 | .65 | .63 | |
Notes: p < .05 for coefficients at or above .118 (2-tail probability). Nonverbal reasoning is WASI-Matrix Reasoning. Language is a composite score across Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)-Vocabulary subtest and Woodcock Diagnostic Reading Battery-Listening Comprehension. Attentive Behavior is SWAN. Working Memory (WM)-Sentences and WM-Numbers, respectively, are Listening Recall and Counting Recall from the Working Memory Test Battery–Children. Phonological Processing is Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing-Sound Matching. Processing Speed is Woodcock Johnson III Visual Matching. Grade 2 Calculations is Single-Digit Addition. Grace 2 Word Problems is Story Problems. Grade 3 Calculations is a composite score across Single-Digit Addition Double-Digit Addition and Double-Digit Subtraction Tests. Word Problems is the Iowa Test of Basic Skills- Problem Solving and Data Interpretation. Pre-algebraic knowledge is the Pre-algebraic knowledge Test. Standard scores are mean=100 (SD=15) except Vocabulary and Nonverbal Reasoning (mean=50; SD=10), Phonological Processing (mean=10, SD=3), and Word Problems (normal curve equivalents).