Table 2.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Arithmetic on Pre-Algebraic Knowledge (n=279)
| Type of Effect | Effect of
|
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G2 Calculations
|
G2 Word Problems
|
G3 Calculations
|
G3 Word Problems
|
|||||||||||||
| path | S.E. | b/S.E. | p | path | S.E. | b/S.E. | p | path | S.E. | b/S.E. | p | path | S.E. | b/S.E. | p | |
| Direct | .001 | .007 | 0.11 | .913 | .147 | .053 | 2.78 | .005 | .391 | .060 | 6.77 | <.000 | .176 | .060 | 2.92 | .004 |
| Total Indirect | .236 | .035 | 6.77 | <.001 | .067 | .029 | 2.30 | .022 | .026 | .013 | 2.01 | .045 | NA | |||
| G2W | .032 | .013 | 2.53 | .011 | NA | NA | NA | |||||||||
| G3C | .160 | .030 | 5.33 | <.001 | .026 | .022 | 1.18 | .239 | NA | NA | ||||||
| G3W | .018 | .012 | 1.51 | .132 | .039 | .015 | 2.60 | .009 | .026 | .013 | 2.01 | .045 | NA | |||
b=standardized beta value; G=grade; C=calculations; W=word problems. Grade 2 Calculations is Single-Digit Addition. Grace 2 Word Problems is Story Problems. Grade 3 Calculations is a composite score across Single-Digit Addition Double-Digit Addition and Double-Digit Subtraction Tests. Word Problems is the Iowa Test of Basic Skills- Problem Solving and Data Interpretation. Pre-algebraic knowledge is the Pre-algebraic knowledge Test