Table 3.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Nonverbal Reasoning, Language, Attentive Behavior, and Working-Memory Sentences on Pre-Algebraic Knowledge (n=279)

Type of Effect	Effect of
	Nonverbal Reasoning				Language				Attentive Behavior				Working Memory-Sentences
	path	S.E.	b/S.E.	p	path	S.E.	b/S.E.	p	path	S.E.	b/S.E.	p	path	S.E.	b/S.E.	P
Direct	.137	.044	3.13	.002	.135	.061	2.21	.027
Total Indirect	.097	.032	3.06	.002	.116	.033	3.48	.001	.218	.041	5.34	<.001	.009	.031	0.29	.771
Via G2C	.000	.002	0.11	.917	.000	.003	0.10	.918	.001	.010	0.11	.914	.000	.003	0.11	.915
G2W	.010	.010	1.94	.051	.044	.018	2.49	.013	.035	.015	2.32	.021	.009	.009	1.04	.299
G3C	.044	.022	1.98	.047	.001	.021	0.05	.962	.096	.024	4.01	<.001	−.030	.020	−1.52	.129
G3W	.023	.012	1.99	.047	.052	.019	2.74	.006	.025	.014	1.82	.067	.018	.010	1.84	.065

G=grade; C=calculations; W=word problems. Nonverbal reasoning is WASI-Matrix Reasoning. Language is a composite score across Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)-Vocabulary subtest and Woodcock Diagnostic Reading Battery-Listening Comprehension. Attentive Behavior is SWAN. Working Memory (WM)-Sentences and WM-Numbers, respectively, are Listening Recall and Counting Recall from the Working Memory Test Battery–Children. Phonological Processing is Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing-Sound Matching. Processing Speed is Woodcock Johnson III Visual Matching. Grade 2 Calculations is Single-Digit Addition. Grace 2 Word Problems is Story Problems. Grade 3 Calculations is a composite score across Single-Digit Addition Double-Digit Addition and Double-Digit Subtraction Tests. Word Problems is the Iowa Test of Basic Skills- Problem Solving and Data Interpretation. Pre-algebraic knowledge is the Pre-Algebraic Knowledge Test.