Table 1.
Category | Compounds | Migration potentiala (molecular weight) | NOAEL | Critical Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|
DEHP-free plasticizers | DINCH | Low (424.6) see ref. 48 | Reproductive and developmental toxicity: 1000 mg kg−1 per day Thyroid hyperplasia: 100 mg kg−1 per day; see ref. 46 | Nephrotoxicity/increased thyroid, kidney and liver weights.46 |
DEHA | Highest (370.6) see ref. 14, 46 | Reproductive toxicity: 170 mg kg−1 per day; Developmental: 28 mg kg−1 bw per day (200 mg kg−1 per day by EU)14,50–52 | Developmental toxicity resulting in skeletal variations, kinked or dilated ureters.14,50–52 | |
ATBC | High (402.5) see ref. 14 | Reproductive and repeated dose toxicity: 100 mg kg−1 bw per day; see ref. 53 | 1) Reproductive toxicity resulting in decreased body weights.46,53 2) Repeated dose toxicology: hemotological changes, biochemical changes and increased liver weights.14,53,54 | |
TETM | Lowest (but may contain DEHP) (546.8) see ref. 14, 46 | Reproductive and developmental toxicity: 100 mg kg−1 per day for males, 1000 mg kg−1 per day for females and offspring46,55 | Lung changes observed in rats from inhalation.14 | |
Polyadipate | Low14 | No data | No data | |
PVC-free polymers | PE | No data | No data | No data |
PP | No data | No data | No data | |
PUR | No data | No data | No data | |
EVA | No data | No data | No data | |
Silicone | No data | No data | No data |
Abbreviations: ATBC, O-acetyl tributyl citrate; DEHA, di(ethylhexyl) adipate; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; DINCH, di(isononyl)cyclohexane-12-dicarboxylate; EVA, ethylene vinyl acetate; NOAEL, no adverse effect level; PE, polyethylene; PP, Polypropylene; PUR, polyurethane; PVC, polyvinyl chloride; TETM, tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate
A key parameter in comparing plasticizers is potential for migrating out of the PVC polymer, however, only few data have been identified on migration potential for substitutes and testing was not standardized, therefore, we report only comparison levels, not values.