Table 22: Summary of Systematic Reviews for Nonpharmacologic Interventions to Improve Cognitive Functioning in Seniors With Mild to moderate Dementia^*.

Study/Year/Country	Type of Study	Objective	Outcomes	Results	Comment
Clare et al. (55) 2003 United Kingdom	Cochrane systematic review	To evaluate the effectiveness and impact of cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation interventions aimed at improving memory and other aspects of cognitive functioning for people in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia	Any outcomes for the person with dementia and/or the family caregiver	9 RCTs reporting cognitive training No RCTs of cognitive rehabilitation The diversity of outcome measures used in the studies did not allow meta-analysis. There were no significant positive effects of cognitive training.	“Further well-designed studies of cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation are required to provide more definitive evidence.” Consistency regarding type of therapies (Clare et al. terminology vs. original paper terminologies) Small sample sizes – possible type 2 errors No age restrictions Frequency / intensity / duration of interventions Baseline differences between studies

^*RCT indicates randomized controlled trial.