Table 8: Studies on Multicomponent Patient-Directed Behavioural Techniques for Urinary Incontinence*.
| Study, Year | Intervention | Study Design | Methods | Outcomes | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johnson et al., 2005 (39) | PFMT, bladder control strategies and self-monitoring | Secondary analysis of RCT | 131 community-dwelling women aged ≥55 y Urge or urge-predominant incontinence 8 weeks duration, clinic setting |
Nocturia outcomes | Randomization and allocation concealment unclear, sample size not justified |
| Burgio et al., 2002 (40) | PFMT + biofeedback and bladder control strategies | RCT | 22 ambulatory, non-demented, community-dwelling women aged ≥55 y Urge or mixed UI (urge predominant pattern) 8 weeks duration, clinic setting |
Mean reduction in incontinence Bladder capacity |
Allocation concealment unclear |
| Goode et al., 2002 (41;42) | PFMT + biofeedback and bladder control strategies | RCT | 197 ambulatory, non-demented, community-dwelling women aged ≥55 y Urge or mixed UI (urge predominant pattern) 8 weeks duration, clinic setting |
Incontinent episodes Voiding frequency Bladder capacity |
No intention-to-treat analysis, allocation concealment unclear, sample size not justified |
| Dougherty et al., 2002 (43) | PFMT + biofeedback, bladder training and self-monitoring | RCT | 218 community-dwelling rural women aged ≥55 y with stress, urge or mixed UI 6 months duration, patient’s home |
Incontinent episodes Severity of urine loss |
Allocation concealment unclear, sample size not justified |
| Subak et al., 2002 (44) | “Low-intensity” program consisting of bladder training and development of individualized voiding schedules and instructions on PFMT | RCT | 152 women aged >55 y Urge, stress, or mixed UI 6 weeks duration, clinic setting |
Incontinent episodes | No intention-to-treat analysis, allocation concealment unclear |
| McFall et al., 2000 (45) | Group educational approach consisting of bladder training, managing urge to urinate, PFMT, and group support | RCT (delayed control group) | 145 community-dwelling, literate women aged >65 y with self-reported UI and no cognitive, visual, or hearing impairment 12 weeks duration, clinic setting |
Incontinent episodes | No intention-to-treat analysis, randomization and allocation concealment not reported, no justification for sample size |
*
PFMT refers to pelvic floor muscle training; RCT, randomized controlled trial; UI; urinary incontinence.