Table 9: Studies on PFMT Interventions for Urinary Incontinence^*.

Study, Year	Intervention	Study Design	Methods	Outcome	Results	Limitations
Burns et al., 1993 (47)	PFMT + Biofeedback, PFMT alone	RCT	135 cognitively intact community-dwelling women aged >55 y with predominant stress UI 8 weeks duration	Total incontinent episodes per week	Both the PFMT + biofeedback and the PFMT alone treatment groups had significantly fewer weekly incontinent episodes posttreatment than the control group (WMD 10.50; 95% CI, 4.30–16.70) The 2 treatment groups had similar impacts on mild, moderate, and severe urine-loss groups	No intention-to-treat analysis, randomization and allocation concealment not reported, sample size not justified
Miller et al., 1998 (48)	PFMT – basic and digital palpation to teach PFMT Taught “The Knack” method (intentionally contract the PFM before and during a cough)	RCT	27 community-dwelling women >60 y with self-reported stress UI 1 week duration	Urine leakage on the Paper Towel Test	Urine leakage was similar in both groups without The Knack, but when Group 1 used The Knack, subjects leaked 98.1% less than subjects in Group 2 who had not yet learned The Knack (P = .293).	Intention-to-treat analysis not stated, allocation concealment not reported, baseline data not reported, sample size not justified

^*PFM indicates pelvic floor muscles; PFMT, pelvic floor muscle training; RCT, randomized controlled trial, WMD, weighted mean difference; UI, urinary incontinence.