Table 11: Studies with Interventions for Urinary Incontinence Led by Nurse Continence Advisors ^*.

Study, Year Location	Intervention	Study Design	Methods Population	Outcome	Results	Limitations
Borrie et al., 2002 (51) Ontario, Canada	NCA	RCT	NCA sessions every 4 weeks for 6 months versus usual primary care 421 men and women, 50% of participants > 65 y	Incontinent episodes and pad use	Treatment group reported significantly fewer incontinent episodes (P = .001) and less pad usage (P = .021) than control group	Allocation concealment not adequate, no justification for sample size Potential for selection bias since subjects responded to active advertising
Moore et al., 2003 Australia (52)	NCA	RCT	NCA sessions weekly for 12 weeks versus outpatient urogynecology regimen (tertiary unit) 145 women, mean age 60 y	Incontinent episodes and pad use	No significant differences between groups, but changes from baseline showed highly significant reduction of incontinence (incontinent episodes, pad use) for both treatment regimens (P < .01). Caution – study not designed for an intragroup comparison Caution – comparison group not usual primary care NCA regimen was less expensive than the standard urogynecology regimen (median difference A$87.30)	Allocation concealment not adequate, caution by authors of a high drop-out rate (24%)
Williams et al., 2005 (53) United Kingdom	Specially trained nurses	RCT	Continence service by specially trained nurses for 4 weeks over 8-week treatment period versus standard primary care 3,746 men and women, 53% of participants > 60 y	Urinary symptoms	Treatment group reported significantly less leakage (P = .002) and a greater overall improvement (at least 1 symptom alleviated) than control group (P < .001) Cost-effectiveness analysis indicated that a nurse-led intervention could alleviate symptoms at a cost of £242 per symptom over a 3-month period Unclear if this represents value for money	Note that randomization was carried out by household, at a ratio of 4:1 in favour of the continence nurse

^*NCA refers to nurse continence advisor; RCT, randomized controlled trial.