Table 7: Effectiveness of Diverse Interventions for Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Depression in Heterogenous Populations of Community-Dwelling Seniors*.

Population	Country, Year	Intervention Type	N	Findings
1. Wait list for senior apartments	Sweden, 1985	Social worker–led self-help groups	108	↓ Isolation†
2. Residents of senior apartments	Sweden, 1983	Support groups	60	↓ Isolation†
3. Physically inactive seniors	Netherlands, 2002	Group exercise programs	382	↓ Isolation‡ ↓ Loneliness‡
4. Physically inactive seniors	United States, 2000	Group exercise programs	174	↓ Loneliness†
5. Bereaved seniors	United States, 1993	Peer- and professional- led self-help support groups	339	NS
6. Users of mental health services at senior centres	United States, 1982	Social worker–led self-help groups	68	↓ Isolation‡ ↓ Loneliness§
7. Seniors experiencing mental health crisis	United States, 1998	Social worker crisis phone line	61	↓ Isolation‡ ↓ Depression†
8. Seniors with low income and low perceived social support	United States, 1991	Telephone friendships	291	NS
9. Hearing-impaired seniors	Germany, 1997	Hearing aids	148	↓ Loneliness†
10. Informal caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease	United States, 1995	Nurse moderated computer link	102	NS
11. Informal caregivers of persons with dementia	United States, 2007	Social worker–led telephone-based support	103	↓ Depression† (subgroup > 65 y)

^↓indicates decrease; NS, not significant, P > .05.

^†P < .05;

^‡P < .01;

^§P < .001.