Table 5. Acrylamide hazard ratios (and 95% CI) of multiple myeloma, diffuse large cell lymphoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia in men in strata of several covariables and p values for interaction: the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer, 1986–2002.
| MM | DLCL | CLL | |||||||
| Interaction variable | N cases/person-years | HR per 10 µg AA/d | P for interaction | N cases/person-years | HR per 10 µg AA/d | P for interaction | N cases/person-years | HR per 10 µg AA/d | P for Interaction |
| Smoking status | |||||||||
| Never | 23/3,933 | 1.92 (1.34–2.75) | 0.02 | 19/3,933 | 1.03 (0.67–1.57) | 0.05 | 21/3,933 | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 0.45 |
| Former | 101/15,124 | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 76/15,124 | 1.17 (0.97–1.42) | 72/15,124 | 0.69 (0.53–0.90) | |||
| Current | 46/9,925 | 1.18 (0.96–1.44) | 64/9,925 | 0.90 (0.74–1.09) | 41/9,925 | 1.04 (0.79–1.36) | |||
| Current smoking | |||||||||
| Smoking quantity (n cig./d) | |||||||||
| 0 | 23/3,933 | 1.92 (1.34–2.75) | 0.03 | 19/3,933 | 1.03 (0.67–1.57) | 0.64 | 21/3,933 | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 0.77 |
| 0 to <15 | 60/9,445 | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) | 61/9,445 | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | 52/9,445 | 0.80 (0.62–1.03) | |||
| ≥15 | 82/13,935 | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) | 73/13,935 | 1.13 (0.88–1.44) | 52/13,935 | 0.86 (0.59–1.24) | |||
| Smoking duration (y) | |||||||||
| 0 | 23/3,933 | 1.92 (1.34–2.75) | 0.02 | 19/3,933 | 1.03 (0.67–1.57) | 0.61 | 21/3,933 | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 0.30 |
| 0 to <30 | 56/8,513 | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) | 48/8,513 | 1.04 (0.83–1.31) | 39/8,513 | 0.60 (0.40–0.89) | |||
| >30 | 89/1,6117 | 1.12 (0.95–1.31) | 91/16,117 | 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | 73/16,117 | 0.97 (0.76–1.23) | |||
| Age | |||||||||
| Ever and never-smokers | |||||||||
| 55–59 | 58/11,922 | 1.03 (0.83–1.27) | 0.48 | 50/11,922 | 0.93 (0.65–1.31) | 0.07 | 43/11,922 | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 0.37 |
| 60–64 | 64/10,059 | 1.23 (0.97–1.55) | 62/10,059 | 1.24 (0.99–1.55) | 50/10,059 | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) | |||
| 65–69 | 48/7,000 | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | 47/7,000 | 0.84 (0.60–1.20) | 41/7,000 | 0.83 (0.56–1.24) | |||
| Never-smokers | |||||||||
| 55–59 | 7/1,602 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6/1,602 | 2 | 2 | ||
| 60–64 | 9/1,285 | 2 | 5/1,285 | 2 | |||||
| 65–69 | 7/1,045 | 2 | 10/1,045 | 0.92 (0.42–2.01) | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Ever and never-smokers | |||||||||
| <20 | 2/520 | 2 | 2 | 2/520 | 2 | 2 | 4/520 | 2 | 2 |
| ≥20–25 | 82/14,885 | 1.26 (1.10–1.44) | 76/14,885 | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | 59/14,885 | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | |||
| >25 | 85/13,380 | 0.88 (0.70–1.09) | 79/13,380 | 1.03 (0.82–1.31) | 70/13,380 | 0.91 (0.73–1.14) | |||
| Never-smokers | |||||||||
| <20 | 0/64 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1/64 | 2 | 2 | ||
| ≥20–25 | 15/2,130 | 2.09 (1.43–3.05) | 13/2,130 | 1.00 (0.59–1.70) | |||||
| >25 | 7/1,706 | 2 | 7/1,706 | 2 | |||||
| Diabetes | |||||||||
| Ever and never-smokers | |||||||||
| No | 162/28,192 | 1.14 (1.02–1.29) | 2 | 156/28,192 | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 2 | 128/28,192 | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | 2 |
| Yes | 8/790 | 2 | 3/790 | 2 | 6/790 | 2 | |||
| Never-smokers | |||||||||
| No | 22/3,840 | 1.94 (1.34–2.82) | 2 | 3 | 20/3,840 | 1.14 (0.82–1.59) | 2 | ||
| Yes | 1/93 | 2 | 1/93 | 2 | |||||
| Physical activity (min/d) | |||||||||
| Ever and never-smokers | |||||||||
| <30 | 26/4,503 | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 0.85 | 38/4,503 | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) | 0.40 | 29/4,503 | 0.72 (0.50–1.04) | 0.57 |
| 30–60 | 52/9,341 | 1.21 (0.94–1.56) | 44/9,341 | 1.07 (0.84–1.36) | 38/9,341 | 0.90 (0.65–1.24) | |||
| 61–90 | 38/5,467 | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | 275,467 | 1.09 (0.67–1.76) | 25/5,467 | 0.84 (0.50–1.41) | |||
| >90 | 53/9,203 | 1.14 (0.94–1.39) | 48/9,203 | 1.13 (0.90–1.41) | 40/9,203 | 0.98 (0.74–1.31) | |||
| Never-smokers | |||||||||
| <30 | 3/656 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4/656 | 2 | 2 | ||
| 30–60 | 9/1,116 | 2 | 6/1,116 | 2 | |||||
| 61–90 | 5/873 | 2 | 3/873 | 2 | |||||
| >90 | 6/1,181 | 2 | 8/1,181 | 2 | |||||
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | |||||||||
| Ever and never-smokers | |||||||||
| 0 | 14/4,004 | 0.78 (0.34–1.77) | 0.53 | 25/4,004 | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) | 0.72 | 12/4,004 | 1.08 (0.69–1.71) | 0.56 |
| >0–5 | 46/6,084 | 1.29 (1.02–1.64) | 34/6,084 | 1.01 (0.62–1.66) | 35/6,084 | 0.92 (0.61–1.41) | |||
| >5 | 109/18,553 | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 99/18,553 | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 85/18,553 | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | |||
| Never-smokers | |||||||||
| 0 | 2/874 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2/874 | 2 | 2 | ||
| >0–5 | 11/1,122 | 1.81 (1.17–2.80) | 6/1,122 | 2 | |||||
| >5 | 10/1,921 | 2.28 (1.28–4.06) | 13/1,921 | 0.96 (0.56–1.64) | |||||
Abbreviations: HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; AA/d = acrylamide per day, MM = multiple myeloma; CLL = chronic lymphatic leukemia; DLCL = diffuse large cell lymphoma.
1
Adjusted for age, sex, height (per 10 cm), education level, fiber (g/d), total fatty acids (g/d), trans unsaturated fatty acid (g/d), mono unsaturated fat (g/d), poly unsaturated fat (g/d), carbohydrates (g/d) and niacin (mg/d).
2
Insufficient number of cases for analyzing interaction.
3
This subgroup was not analyzed at all, due to insufficient number of cases (n<20).