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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2012 Apr 17;107(8):1404–1417. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03843.x

Table 1.

Description of Included Studies.

First Author, Year Sample Country Type of Study Sample Size Timeframe of Co-Occurring Use Definition of Cannabis Use Definition of Tobacco Use Comparison Group(s)
Abrantes, 2009 9th – 12th grade students U.S. Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey 2033 Lifetime Any use Daily use T
Agrawal, Madden, 2008 Young adult female twins (aged 18-29) U.S. Longitudinal cohort survey 3787 Lifetime Any use Regular use: history of either 100+ cigarettes, or 2-99 cigarettes but smoking as frequently as once per week T
Agrawal, Pergadia, 2008 Adults U.S. Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey 1603 Current Any use in past 12 months Any use in past 12 months M
Agrawal & Lynskey, 2009 Adults U.S. Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey 43093 Lifetime Any use Smoked: >100 cigarettes or >50 cigars or pipe >50 times;Smokeless: snuff >20 times or chewing tobacco >20 times M
Agrawal, Lynskey, Madden, 2009 Young adult female twins (aged 21-31) U.S. Longitudinal cohort survey 3427 Lifetime Any use Regular use: history of either 100+ cigarettes, or 2-99 cigarettes but smoking as frequently as once per week C / Co-occurring CT during the lifespan but never simultaneously
Bonn-Miller, 2010 Adults U.S. Cross-sectional observational study 250 Current Any use in past 30 days Any use in past 30 days C/T
Caldeira, 2008 First-year college students U.S. Cross-sectional cohort survey 1253 Current Use ≥5 times in past year Use ≥1 days in past month C
Coffey, 2003 Adolescents followed into young adulthood Australia Longitudinal cohort survey 2032 Current Use at least “a few times” in past 6 months Use in past month C
de Dios, 2009 Adolescents seeking treatment for substance abuse U.S. Community-based longitudinal study 1779 Current Relapse between baseline and 12-month follow-up Use at baseline or 12-month follow-up Non-T or quit tobacco between baseline and 12-month follow-up
Degenhardt, 2001 Adults Australia Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey 10641 Current Use >5 times in past 12 months Use in past 12 months C
Degenhardt, 2010 Adolescents followed into young adulthood Australia Longitudinal cohort survey 1943 Current Use in past 6 months Use in past month T
Ford, 2002 Adults U.S. Longitudinal epidemiologic survey 431 Current Use in 30 days pre-baseline Use in 3 months pre-baseline and usual pattern of smoking ≥ 10 cigarettes/day T
Georgiades, 2007 Adolescents followed into adulthood Canada Longitudinal cohort survey 1282 Current Use in past 6 months Daily use for continuous 30-day period in past 6 months C/T
Gourlay, 1994 Adults seeking treatment for tobacco smoking Australia Tobacco treatment trial 1481 Current Use in past month ≥ 15 cigarettes/day for ≥ 3 years T
Gray, 2011 Adolescents seeking treatment for attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder and substance use disorders U.S. Randomized controlled trial 303 Current Regular use (i.e., > 14 of 28 days) Regular use (i.e., > 14 of 28 days) C
Haskins, 2010 Hispanic pregnant women U.S. Cross-sectional observational study 351 Current Use in year prior to pregnancy Use in year prior to pregnancy T
Heffner, 2008 Adults and adolescents receiving inpatient treatment for bipolar I disorder U.S. Cross-sectional observational study 134 Lifetime Regular use (≥3 times/ week for ≥1 month) Use in past 30 days C
Humfleet, 1999 Adults seeking treatment for tobacco smoking U.S. Tobacco treatment trial 199 Current Use at baseline or during treatment ≥10 cigarettes/day T
Metrik, in press Adults seeking treatment for tobacco smoking who were also heavy alcohol drinkers U.S. Randomized controlled trial 236 Current Use in past month >10 cigarettes/day for past year T
Moore, 2001 Adults seeking outpatient treatment for cannabis dependence U.S. Two cannabis treatment trials 174 Current Met DSM-III-R or DSM-IV criteria for cannabis dependence Any use C who never smoked tobacco / C who were ex-tobacco smokers
Patton, 2005 Adolescents followed into young adulthood Australia Longitudinal cohort survey 1943 Current Use at age 20 Use but not nicotine dependent at age 20 T
Patton, 2006 Adolescents followed into young adulthood Australia Longitudinal cohort survey 1943 Current Cannabis dependence at age 24 Daily use between ages 14 and 17 C
Ream, 2008 Cannabis users who appeared to be 17-35 years old U.S. Cross-sectional observational study 481 Current Past year use Past year “blunt” use, cannabis “chasing” with tobacco, cigar use, cigarette use C “alone”
Stapleton, 2009 Adults seeking tobacco treatment United Kingdom Randomized controlled trial 100 Current Use in past 30 days [Not described] T
Suris, 2007 Adolescents Switzerland Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey 5263 Current Use in previous 30 days ≥ 1 cigarette/day C
Swift, 2008 Adolescents followed into young adulthood Australia Longitudinal cohort survey 1943 Current Use during adolescence Use during adolescence C
Timberlake, 2007 Adolescents followed into young adulthood U.S. Longitudinal cohort survey 5963 Lifetime

  1. >10 times

  2. Any use

 Use in past 30 days T
Timberlake, 2009 Adolescents and young adults (aged 12 – 25) U.S. Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey 4348 Current Use in past month but never use of “blunts” “Blunt” only use in past month C who never used “blunts”

Note. C = cannabis only users; T = tobacco only users. C/T indicates that two separate comparisons were made.