Table 1.

Uses of electrical stimulation in the nervous system

Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders

Retinal or cortical implants to restore vision

Cochlear implants to restore hearing

Restoration of swallowing after stroke

Eliminating shoulder subluxation after stroke

Cough assist

Cardiac pacemakers

Reducing chronic pain

Restoring arm function

Diaphragm pacing to restore breathing

Improving wound healing

Trunk support

Restoring hand grasp

Restoring sexual function

Bowel/bladder control after injury and for incontinence

Preventing pressure sores by increasing muscle mass

Restoring standing and facilitating transfers

Restoring walking and locomotion

Eliminating foot drop after stroke