Table 1.
Number of object retrievals consistent with the label and the pointing gesture in all conditions
| Object selection | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labeled object | Pointed-to object | Next to pointed-to objecta | Other | |
| Paddy | ||||
| Pointing Baseline (N = 43) | 22 (51 %)*** | 7 (16 %) | 14 (33 %) | |
| Familiar Label Baseline (N = 47) | 42 (89 %)*** | 5 (11 %) | ||
| Mutual Exclusivity (N = 12) | 10 (83 %)*** | 2 (17 %) | ||
| Ostensive Naming (N = 12) | 9 (75 %)*** | 3 (25 %)b | ||
| Familiar Label Conflict (N = 10) | 7 (70 %)** | 2 (20 %) | 1 (10 %) | |
| Novel Label Conflict (N = 12) | 7 (58 %)** | 1 (8 %) | 4 (34 %) | |
| Betsy | ||||
|
Pointing Baseline (N = 42) N = 54 |
19 (35 %)** | 6 (11 %) | 29 (54 %) | |
| Familiar Label Baseline (N = 46) | 43 (94 %)*** | 3 (6 %) | ||
| Mutual Exclusivity (N = 11) | 2 (18 %) | 9 (82 %) | ||
| Ostensive Naming (N = 12) | 7 (58 %)** | 4 (34 %)c | 1 (8 %) | |
| Familiar Label Conflict (N = 12) | 8 (67 %)** | 4 (33 %) | ||
| Novel Label Conflict (N = 11) | 6 (55 %)* | 3 (27 %) | 2 (18 %) | |
Asterisks indicate performance significantly above chance level. Cells are blank when this option was not available in a condition * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
aNext to pointed-to object is the labeled object in conflict conditions (except for one case for Paddy in the Novel Label Conflict condition)
b2 times the novel object next to the pointed-to novel object, 1 time the familiar object on the other side
c3 times the novel object next to the pointed-to object, 1 time the familiar object on the other side