Fig. 4.

Dose-dependent effect of tramadol on bladder overactivity and TNS inhibition during CMGs with an intravesical infusion of 0.25% AA. Tramadol doses on the left apply to A–C. The CMGs at increasing cumulative doses of tramadol were performed in sequence from left to right in A–C and from top to bottom. A: control CMGs before stimulation. B: CMGs during stimulation at 2 T. C: CMGs during stimulation at 4 T. The solid horizontal bar under the pressure trace indicates the stimulation duration. Stimulation: 0.2-ms pulse width; T = 1.2 V; infusion rate: 1 ml/min.