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. 2012 Mar 7;107(11):3050–3061. doi: 10.1152/jn.00029.2012

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Illustration of example crawling styles. Each sequence depicts one cycle and reads from left to right. All sequences start with initiation of stance in the left leg. A: standard crawling. The infant crawls on hands and knees. Following initiation of stance of the left leg (1st panel), the left arm and right leg swing together (2nd panel). Likewise, following initiation of stance of the right leg (3rd panel), the right arm and left leg swing together (4th panel). The cycle ends with stance of the left leg (5th panel). B: hands-and-feet crawling. The pattern of stance and swing is the same as that in A, except that the infant always enters stance on the foot instead of the knee. C: step-crawl mix, using left foot and right knee. The left leg enters stance on the left foot (1st panel). The left arm and right leg swing together (2nd panel) and the right leg goes into stance on the knee (3rd panel). Swing of the right arm and left leg (4th panel) terminate with stance on the left foot (5th panel). D: creeping. The infant crawls with the belly in contact with the ground. As the left arm and right leg are in swing, the left leg extends to push against the ground and the right arm flexes against the ground to pull the infant forward (2nd panel). The reverse occurs in the 3rd panel: swing of the right arm and left leg is accompanied by pushing with the right leg and pulling with the left arm. E: scooting. The infant is seated and uses flexion of the legs to pull the body forward (panels 2, 3). Swing of the legs consists of knee extension (4th panel) to position legs for the start of the subsequence stance phase (5th panel). F: step-scoot mix using three limbs. The infant starts seated on one haunch (1st panel), then leans forward onto a tripod of one hand, one knee (ipsilateral to the arm), and one foot (2nd panel). The infant then swings the leg that was kneeling through (3rd and 4th panels), and finally swings the stepping leg (5th panel), resulting in a return to the seated position from which the cycle would repeat (6th panel).