Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample in Mysore, South India, 1997–2003
| Variable | n | Boys (n = 272) | Girls (n = 296) | Both sexes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level 1: socio‐economic characteristics | ||||
| Urban dwelling status | 568 | 195 (72) | 226 (76) | 421 (74) |
| Kuppuswamy score median (IQR) | 568 | 33 (29, 38) | 34 (30, 38) | 34 (30, 38) |
| Maternal education (years), n (%) | ||||
| Illiterate (0) | 568 | 5 (1.8) | 7 (2.4) | 12 (2.1) |
| Primary school (1–4) | 18 (6.6) | 10 (3.4) | 28 (4.9) | |
| Middle school (5–7) | 48 (17.7) | 36 (12.2) | 84 (14.8) | |
| High school (8–10) | 98 (36.0) | 131 (44.3) | 229 (40.3) | |
| High 2o school certificate (11–12) | 65 (23.9) | 60 (20.3) | 125 (22.0) | |
| Degree (13–15) | 31 (11.4) | 42 (14.2) | 73 (12.9) | |
| Professional (16+) | 7 (2.6) | 10 (3.4) | 17 (3.0) | |
| Religion, n (%) | ||||
| Hindu | 568 | 145 (53.3) | 175 (59.1) | 320 (56.3) |
| Muslim | 99 (36.4) | 99 (33.5) | 198 (34.9) | |
| Other | 28 (10.3) | 22 (7.4) | 50 (8.8) | |
| Level 2: family & maternal gestational diabetes | ||||
| Gestational diabetes, n (%) | 524 | 13 (4.9) | 22 (7.7) | 35 (6.3) |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 555 | 52 (20) | 60 (21) | 112 (21) |
| Level 3: birth outcomes | ||||
| Birthweight (g) | 568 | 2909 (466) | 2834 (411) | 2870 (441) |
| Gestational age (weeks) median (IQR) | 568 | 39.1 (38.1, 40.0) | 39.4 (38.6, 40.1) | 39.3 (38.4, 40.1) |
| Prematurity (<37 weeks), n (%) | 568 | 26 (9.6) | 25 (8.5) | 51 (9.0) |
| Level 4: infant‐feeding practices | ||||
| Breastfeeding duration (months), n (%) | 568 | |||
| 1–4 | 20 (7.4) | 22 (7.4) | 42 (7.4) | |
| 5–8 | 42 (15.4) | 34 (11.5) | 76 (13.4) | |
| 9–12 | 109 (40.1) | 138 (46.6) | 247 (43.5) | |
| 13–16 | 44 (16.2) | 48 (16.2) | 92 (16.2) | |
| 17–20 | 33 (12.1) | 37 (12.5) | 70 (12.3) | |
| 21+ | 24 (8.8) | 17 (5.7) | 41 (7.2) | |
| Age started regular solids (months), n (%) | 532 | |||
| ≤3 | 46 (18.0) | 55 (19.9) | 101 (19.0) | |
| 4 | 93 (36.3) | 109 (39.5) | 202 (38.0) | |
| 5 | 79 (30.9) | 66 (23.9) | 145 (27.2) | |
| ≥6 | 38 (14.8) | 46 (16.7) | 84 (15.8) | |
| Level 5: household nutritional status | ||||
| Maternal BMI at 5 years (kg m–2) | 543 | 23.3 (4.4) | 23.8 (4.6) | 23.6 (4.5) |
| Parity, n (%) | 568 | |||
| No children | 135 (49.6) | 154 (52.0) | 289 (50.9) | |
| One child | 90 (33.1) | 90 (33.1) | 190 (33.5) | |
| Two or more children | 47 (17.3) | 47 (17.3) | 89 (15.7) | |
| Childhood outcomes measures at 1 and 2 years of age | ||||
| Weight (kg) at 1 year | 532 | 8.7 (1.1) | 8.1 (1.0) | 8.4 (1.1) |
| Weight (kg) at 2 years | 549 | 10.8 (1.2) | 10.2 (1.2) | 10.5 (1.2) |
| BMI <–2SD (WHO reference) at 1 year, n (%) | 529 | 33 (12.9) | 23 (8.4) | 56 (10.6) |
| BMI <–2SD (WHO reference) at 2 years, n (%) | 549 | 12 (4.5) | 9 (3.2) | 21 (3.8) |
| Childhood outcomes measures at 5 years of age | ||||
| Height (cm) | 568 | 106.4 (4.3) | 105.0 (4.3) | 105.7 (4.3) |
| Weight (kg) | 568 | 15.4 (1.9) | 15.0 (2.0) | 15.2 (2.0) |
| BMI <–2SD (WHO reference), n (%) | 568 | 60 (22.5) | 68 (23.7) | 128 (23.1) |
| Height <–2SD (WHO reference), n (%) | 568 | 21 (7.9) | 35 (12.2) | 56 (10.1) |
| BMI (kg m–2) | 568 | 13.6 (1.04) | 13.6 (1.21) | 13.6 (1.12) |
| High BMI, n (%) | 568 | 28 (10.3) | 30 (10.1) | 58 (10.2) |
| Skinfolds (mm) (median, IQR): | ||||
| Subscapular | 568 | 5.3 (4.8, 6.2) | 6.0 (5.1, 7.6) | 5.6 (4.9, 7.0) |
| Triceps | 568 | 7.2 (6.3, 8.4) | 8.1 (7.0, 9.8) | 7.7 (6.6, 8.9) |
| Sum of skinfolds | 568 | 12.5 (11.1, 14.4) | 14.4 (12.3, 17.3) | 13.5 (11.7, 15.8) |
IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; WHO, World Heath Organization. Data are presented as mean and SD unless otherwise stated.