Table 1.

Agents affecting IFP and tumor blood flow and pressures.

Agents [Ref]	Possible mechanisms of lowering IFP	MABP	Blood flow	MVP
Imatinib mesylate[60]	Platelet-derived growtd factor antagonist (anti-PDGF), decreases contraction and interaction of stromal fibroblasts witd extracellular matrix	Unknown	Unknown	Decrease
Bevacizumab [61]	Vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist (anti-VEGF)	Unknown	Increase	Decrease
TNF-α [62,63]	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, destruct tumor vessel and improve vascular permeability and thus increase the pressure gradient across the vessel	Decrease	Unknown	Decrease
Fc:TβRII [64]	TGFβ antagonist, inhibits intra-tumoral macrophage activation to lower IFP, normalizes tumor blood vessels	Unknown	No change	No change
Hyaluronidase [65]	Degrades hyaluronan to reduce the physical resistance of extracellular matrix	Unknown	Unknown	Decrease
Dexamethasone [66]	Reduces vascular hydraulic conductivity	Unknown	Unknown	Decrease
Cereport [67]	Bradykinin agonist, increases vascular surface area and pore size	Decrease	Increase	Decrease
Prostaglandin E1-methyl ester [68]	Inhibits stromal fibroblast contraction	Unknown	Unknown	Decrease
Taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) [69]	Induces apoptosis and reduces tumor cell density, decompress blood vessels and increases the vascular surface area	Unknown	Increase	Decrease
Thalidomide [70]	Angiogenesis inhibitor, produces transient vascular normalization initially	Unknown	Increase	Decrease
Nicotinamide [71]	Reduces the heterogeneity of micro-regional perfusion	Decrease	Increase in some but not all tumors	Decrease
Pentoxifylline [72]	Alter erythrocyte deformability and thus decrease viscous blood resistance and/or geometric resistance	No change	Increase	Decrease

IFP, interstitial fluid pressure. MABP, mean arterial blood pressure. MVP, microvascular pressure.