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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2012 Feb 26;177(3):305–314. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.02.013

Table 2.

Physiological functions of GnIH and its orthologs in vertebrates.

Animal Name Physiological Function Reference
Mammal
Human RFRP-1 Stimulation of prolactin release (i.c.v.) Hinuma et al., 2000

Bovine RFRP-3* Inhibition of GnRH-elicited gonadotropin release (in vitro) Kadokawa et al., 2009
Inhibition of gonadotropin release (i.v.) Kadokawa et al., 2009

Ovine RFRP-3* Inhibition of GnRH-elicited gonadotropin release (in vitro) Clerke et al., 2008
Inhibition of gonadotropin release (i.v.) Clerke et al., 2008
Inhibition of GnRH-elicited gonadotropin synthesis and release (in vitro) Sari et al., 2009

Rat RFRP-1* Stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin release (i.c.v.) Kaewwongse at al., 2011

RFRP-3 Stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin release (i.c.v.) Kaewwongse at al., 2011
Inhibition of gonadotropin release (i.c.v.) Johnson et al., 2007
Inhibition of gonadotropin release (i.v.) Murakami et al., 2008
Inhibition of GnRH-elicited gonadotropin release (in vitro) Murakami et al., 2008
Inhibition of reproductive behavior (i.c.v.) Johnson et al., 2007
Stimulation of feeding behavior (i.c.v.) Johnson et al., 2007
Stimulation of feeding behavior (i.c.v.) Murakami et al., 2008

Hamster RFRP-1 Inhibition of gonadotropin release (i.c.v.) Ubuka et al., 2011

RFRP-3 Inhibition of gonadotropin release (i.c.v.) Ubuka et al., 2011
Inhibition of gonadotropin release (i.p.) Kriegsfeld et al., 2006

Bird
Quail GnIH Inhibition of gonadotropin release (in vitro) Tsutsui et al., 2000
Inhibition of gonadotropin synthesis and release (i.p.) Ubuka et al., 2006

Chicken GnIH* Inhibition of gonadotropin synthesis and release (in vitro) Ciccone et al., 2004
Stimulation of feeding behavior (i.c.v.) Tachibana et al., 2005

GnIH-RP-1* Stimulation of feeding behavior (i.c.v.) Tachibana et al., 2005

GnIH-RP-2* Stimulation of feeding behavior (i.c.v.) Tachibana et al., 2005

Sparrow GnIH* Inhibition of GnRH-elicited gonadotropin release (i.v.) Osugi et al., 2004
Inhibition of gonadotropin release (i.v.) Osugi et al., 2004
Inhibition of gonadotropin release (i.c.v.) Bentley et al., 2006
Inhibition of reproductive behavior (i.c.v.) Bentley et al., 2006

Amphibian
Frog fGRP Stimulation of GH release (in vitro, i.p.) Koda et al., 2002

fGRP-RP-2 Stimulation of GH/PRL release (in vitro, i.p.) Ukena et al., 2003b

Fish
Goldfish gfLPXRFa-1* Stimulation of gonadotropin and GH release (in vitro) Amano et al., 2006

gfLPXRFa-2* Stimulation of gonadotropin and GH release (in vitro) Amano et al., 2006

gfLPXRFa-3 Stimulation of gonadotropin and GH release (in vitro) Amano et al., 2006

Zebrafish zfLPXRFa-3* Inhibition of gonadotropin release (i.p.) Zhang et al., 2010
*

Putative peptides. i.c.v.: intracerebroventricular administration; i.v.: intravenous administration; i.p.: intraperitoneal administration.

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