Table 2.
Diabetes, anthropometrics, smoking, alcohol and physical activity in rural Māori, urban Māori and urban non-Māori
| Rural Māori (N=252) | Urban Māori (N=243) | Non-Māori (N=256) | Overall, unadjusted p (adjusted p) | (a) vs (b), unadjusted p (adjusted p) | (b) vs (c), unadjusted p (adjusted p) | (a) vs (c), unadjusted p (adjusted p) | |
| (a) | (b) | (c) | |||||
| Type 2 diabetes, % (n) | 10.7 (27) | 3.7 (9) | 2.4 (6) | <0.001 (0.001) | 0.004 (0.024) | 0.382 (0.279) | 0.001 (0.001) |
| Metabolic syndrome, % (n) | 35.9 (90) | 27.1 (65) | 14.5 (37) | <0.001 (<0.001) | 0.037 (0.139) | 0.001 (<0.001) | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 30.7 (7.3) | 29.1 (6.4) | 26.1 (4.5) | <0.001 (<0.001) | 0.004 (0.003) | <0.001 (<0.001) | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| BMI categories | |||||||
| Healthy BMI, % (n) | 21.9 (55) | 29.2 (71) | 45.7 (117) | <0.001 | 0.079 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Overweight, % (n) | 30.3 (76) | 32.1 (78) | 38.3 (98) | ||||
| Obese BMI, % (n) | 47.8 (120) | 38.7 (94) | 16.0 (41) | ||||
| Per cent body fat, mean (SD) | 35.0 (10.7) | 32.2 (9.4) | 28.7 (9.0) | <0.001 (<0.001) | 0.001 (<0.001) | <0.001 (<0.001) | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| Per cent body fat categories | |||||||
| Healthy body fat, % (n) | 20.4 (50) | 30.5 (73) | 41.0 (105) | <0.001 | 0.066 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Overweight body fat, % (n) | 25.7 (63) | 23.4 (56) | 31.6 (81) | ||||
| Obese body fat, % (n) | 51.4 (126) | 44.8 (107) | 25.0 (64) | ||||
| Fat-free mass, kg, mean (SD) | 55.2 (11.2) | 55.8 (12.3) | 53.8 (10.5) | 0.114 (<0.001) | 0.534 (0.285) | 0.043 (0.001) | 0.159 (0.016) |
| Waist:hip ratio, mean (SD) | 0.91 (0.08) | 0.90 (0.10) | 0.89 (0.08) | 0.012 (<0.001) | 0.034 (0.005) | 0.479 (0.351) | 0.004 (<0.001) |
| Glucose, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 5.7 (1.7) | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.3 (0.5) | <0.001 (<0.001) | 0.003 (0.002) | 0.203 (0.186) | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | 6.3 (1.2) | 5.4 (0.7) | 5.2 (0.4) | <0.001 (<0.001) | <0.001 (<0.001) | 0.002 (0.001) | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| Insulin, pmol/l, mean (SD) | 65.6 (56.9) | 52.7 (54.5) | 42.7 (34.4) | <0.001 (<0.001) | 0.005 (0.005) | 0.025 (0.024) | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Current, % (n) | 42.8 (108) | 30.5 (74) | 15.2 (39) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Ex-smoker, % (n) | 38.5 (97) | 33.3 (81) | 29.3 (75) | ||||
| Never smoked, % (n) | 19.0 (48) | 36.2 (88) | 55.5 (142) | ||||
| Cigarette pack years, mean (SD) | 5737 (4910) | 5469 (5429) | 4308 (5760) | 0.045 (0.058) | 0.615 (0.588) | 0.060 (0.042) | 0.015 (0.009) |
| Alcohol drinkers, % (n) | 81.3 (205) | 92.2 (224) | 91.4 (234) | <0.001 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.003) | 0.753 (0.808) | 0.001 (0.005) |
| Physically active, % (n) | 68.3 (172) | 70.8 (172) | 64.8 (166) | 0.362 (0.316) | 0.157 (0.380) | 0.542 (0.132) | 0.416 (0.380) |
Continuous variables expressed as means (SD). Adjusted p = p value adjusted for age and gender. Ranges for BMI were healthy range, BMI≥18.5<25.0 kg/m2; overweight, BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2; obese ≥30.0 kg/m2. Healthy, overweight and obese body fat ranges calculated using Tanita Body Composition Analyser, TBF 310.
BMI, body mass index.