Table 1.

Nutrition- and health-related psychosocial factors (NHRPF), by sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics^ˆ

Characteristic		NKB score¶		Nutrition importance§		Food choice∫		Awarenessφ		Better NHRPFξ		HEI		Energy intake (kcal/d)
	n	Mean	SE	%	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	%	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Sex
Men	2219	35.50	0.23 ***	52.83	1.73 ***	16.52	0.05 ***	5.72	0.05 ***	15.41	1.00 ***	50.69	0.36 ***	2515.83	46.28 ***
Women	2137	37.70	0.17	69.25	1.36	16.97	0.04	6.11	0.04	26.82	1.34	53.85	0.50	1670.10	14.62
Age (yrs)
20-34	1165	35.56	0.26 ***	54.65	1.67 ***	16.52	0.07 ***	5.64	0.06 ***	13.96	1.22 ***	50.44	0.65 ***	2263.86	41.27 ***
35-49	1507	37.04	0.20	62.09	1.59	16.86	0.05	6.04	0.04	23.42	1.63	52.16	0.47	2068.46	55.21
50-65	1684	37.54	0.21	69.55	1.57	16.91	0.05	6.15	0.04	28.59	1.65	55.23	0.43	1847.81	21.75
Ethnicity
NH whites	3285	36.67	0.19	58.40	1.20 ***	16.65	0.05 **	6.04	0.04 ***	21.78	0.87	52.28	0.40 ***	2083.34	21.81
NH blacks	512	36.34	0.32	71.39	3.26	17.26	0.13	5.58	0.10	20.96	3.06	47.60	0.55	2145.30	170.11
Hispanics	411	36.77	0.46	71.58	3.29	16.92	0.18	5.49	0.11	17.93	2.21	54.36	1.02	2009.80	57.91
Others	148	36.11	0.65	58.42	6.53	16.69	0.28	5.78	0.15	20.33	4.72	59.29	1.69	2123.93	131.09
Education
<High school	731	35.71	0.37 ***	66.03	3.67	16.91	0.08	5.17	0.10 ***	10.72	1.18 ***	49.41	0.64 ***	2022.65	140.71
High school	1552	36.03	0.29	60.17	1.90	16.70	0.08	5.69	0.05	18.46	1.21	49.91	0.49	2049.19	34.10
>High school	2073	37.20	0.17	60.78	1.17	16.75	0.06	6.24	0.03	25.43	1.21	54.50	0.41	2122.34	24.27
Income
Low	1079	36.18	0.29 *	64.83	2.58	16.75	0.09	5.39	0.06 ***	12.90	1.49 ***	49.49	0.75 ***	2105.09	129.63
Middle	1543	36.40	0.23	61.94	1.45	16.75	0.06	5.85	0.05	20.07	1.60	50.97	0.46	2079.91	30.00
High	1734	36.95	0.20	59.41	1.50	16.76	0.05	6.15	0.05	24.94	1.31	54.37	0.45	2082.73	29.62
BMI category
BMI<25	1803	36.61	0.25	61.10	1.65	16.71	0.06	5.96	0.05	20.63	1.29	53.04	0.55 *	2029.61	29.44 ***
25-29.9	1540	36.49	0.24	59.67	1.76	16.8	0.06	5.86	0.05	21.33	1.40	52.17	0.48	2232.37	57.23
BMI≥30	916	36.83	0.23	62.71	2.10	16.78	0.09	5.95	0.06	22.39	1.89	50.54	0.62	1989.22	40.71
Comorbidity‡
0	2830	36.28	0.22 ***	58.88	1.21 ***	16.70	0.04 *	5.83	0.04 ***	18.94	1.14 ***	51.80	0.41 ***	2142.09	33.01 ***
1	951	37.27	0.18	64.63	1.88	16.86	0.07	6.12	0.05	24.89	1.95	52.94	0.59	1978.59	42.52
≥2	575	37.88	0.42	72.08	2.75	16.96	0.12	6.17	0.07	31.29	3.35	54.80	0.73	1862.16	54.12
Self-rated health
Excellent/very good	2451	36.64	0.23	59.69	1.28	16.67	0.05 **	5.92	0.05	21.56	1.06	52.70	0.52	2168.67	41.39 ***
Good	1264	36.69	0.22	62.98	1.92	16.93	0.06	5.97	0.06	19.51	1.48	52.02	0.50	1974.00	31.32
Fair/poor	641	36.30	0.45	65.16	3.16	16.79	0.14	5.79	0.08	23.64	2.62	50.85	0.76	1905.77	39.85
Exercise participation
No	1511	36.02	0.22 **	58.68	1.96	16.75	0.08	5.83	0.05	20.56	1.81	50.94	0.47 **	1932.87	28.59 ***
Yes	2830	36.94	0.20	62.58	1.17	16.75	0.04	5.97	0.05	21.65	1.30	53.03	0.44	2158.43	36.89
TV watching (hrs/d)
≤2	2392	37.06	0.20 **	62.86	1.30	16.81	0.06	6.06	0.04 ***	23.32	1.15 **	53.71	0.47 ***	2024.13	21.21 **
>2	1964	36.03	0.24	59.00	1.59	16.68	0.07	5.73	0.05	18.44	1.34	50.42	0.40	2166.00	48.58

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; HEI, healthy eating index; BMI, body mass index; NKB, nutrition knowledge and beliefs; NHRPF, nutrition- and health-related psychosocial factors.

^ˆControlled for complex survey design. Values are shown as mean or proportion with its standard error. P value from ANOVA and/or χ2 test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.

^¶NKB: consisting of eleven questions as ‘To you personally, is it very important (score: 4), somewhat important (3), not too important (score: 2), or not at all important (score: 1) to consume the following nutrients or foods at appropriate levels: salt/sodium, saturated fat, fiber, cholesterol, fruits and vegetables, sugar, dairy products, etc?’ The higher the score, the better nutrition kowledge and beliefs (range: 11-44).

^§Subjects’ consideration about the importance of nutrition at food purchase was assessed by asking: ‘When you buy food, how important is nutrition?’ Response ‘very important’ was categorized as ‘nutrition important’ group, while subjects with other responses served as the reference group.

^∫Food choice: Subjects took considerations of 6 key factors affecting food choices, including food safety, nutrition, price, freshment, convenience, and taste. The higher the score, the more consideration in buying food (score range: 6-24).

^φAwareness: Subjects were aware of the number of 7 nutrition-related health risks (e.g., high fat, cholesterol, sodium; low fiber and calcium). The higher the score, the more awareness of nutrition-related health risks.

^ξBetter NHRPF was summarized from the individual NHRPF factors: those with better NKB (score>=median), more food choice consideration (score≥median), and more awareness of nutrition-related health risks.

^‡Number of diagnosed chronic conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes. 0 means no diagnosed chronic disease; 1 means one diagnosed chronic disease; ≥2 means two or more chronic diseases.

^*P<0.05;

^**P<0.01;

^***P<0.001.