Study	Design	Patients	Method	Finding
Johnell et al., 2004 (181) Sweden	Longitudinal study, Malmo, Sweden 5 year follow-up	N = 2,847 with low energy fractures @ spine, hip, & forearm	Poisson model to calculate age & sex-specific mortality rate & compare with that of general population	Higher mortality rate for men than women after hip, spine & shoulder fracture but rate relative to general population similar for both sexes. Rate decreased over 5 years (hip - from RR of 13 to RR of 4.3 for age 60). Mortality risk highest for spine and did not increase over general population risk for forearm fracture.
Pande et al., 2006 (11) UK	Prospective case control 2-year follow-up	N = 100 Consecutive men hospitalized with low trauma hip fracture. Mean age = 79.9 years Control n=100 matched without fracture, mean age 75 yrs	BMD measurement. Mortality from registers. Kaplan Meier survival curve analysis and a Cox proportional hazard model to determine factors for increased mortality.	Significantly more patients with hip fracture had comorbid conditions and T-score<–2.5 (83% vs 39%) compared with control. Mortality @ 1 yr, 47% pts vs 1% for control. Mortality @ 2 year 63% for treatment group vs 12% in control. (log rank test62.6, P=.0001) Most common causes of death: bronchopneumonia, heart failure, & ischemic heart disease Factors associated with mortality after hip fracture: older age, residence in nursing/residential home before fracture, comorbid disease & poor functional activity before fracture. Often disabled with poor quality of life. – 7% could not walk, 12% required residential accommodation lower QOL
Barrett et al., 2003 (182) Male & female	Case-control study	N = 81,181 Medicare recipient vs matched control with no fracture	Compared 90 day & 1-year mortality rate and pulmonary embolism rate	90 day mortality rate for entire US Medicare population after hip fracture was 13%, and after pelvic fracture was 9%. At 1-year after hip fracture, risk of death was 1.6 times that of matched control. Fractures of pelvis, nonhip, femur, & proximal humerus also associated with substantial mortality even a year after fracture. Death rates increased for age for both fracture cases & controls. For both men & women, relative risks of death (compared with controls) decreased with age for hip and pelvis fractures.
Jalava et al., 2003 (183)		N=677 women (84 men) and men with primary or secondary osteoporosis 352 had morphometric vertebral fracture	3.2 years follow-up	Mortality = 5.5% People with prevalent vertebral fracture had a 4.4 fold higher mortality rate compared with people with no prevalent fracture. After adjustment for medication, number of disease, use of oral corticosteroid, alcohol intake, serum albumin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, renal function, height, weight, gender and age, the point estimate remained elevated but no longer statistically significant (HR 2.4 95% CI, 0.93–6.23).
Holmberg et al., 2005 (154)	Longitudinal	22,444 men & 10,902 women identify incident hip fracture 137 women and 181 men had low energy hip fracture	Men 16 yrs Women 11 yrs Follow-up	Nonfracture population: mortality rate during follow-up 6.4% in women & 15% in men. Mean age of death 61 years. In hip fracture population: mortality rate was 16.8% in women @ average of 2.5 years. & 40.5% in men at average of 3.25 yrs follow-up. Mean age of death 64 yrs for women & 66.4 yrs for men.