FIGURE 2.

DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factors (DAI) can serve as a cytosolic sensor for viral or microbial double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) motifs and initiate anti-viral and inflammatory cell responses. DAI elicits such immune functions via possible interactions with mitochondrial- or peroxisomal-associated interferon promoter stimulator (IPS)-1, and/or stimulator of interferon genes (STING), facilitating the activation of the interferon-regulatory factors (IRF) and NF-κB transcription factors. DAI-induced IRF activation is dependent on TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). In contrast, DAI-induced NF-κB activation is mediated through interactions involving receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 1 and RIP3 kinases.