. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jun 20.

Published in final edited form as: Z Psychol. 2011;219(3):143–149. doi: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000061

Table 2.

Selected abuse types and torture definitions

	Total	WMA	UNCAT	TVRA	Additional ORR guidance for TVRA
Beating	112	108 (96%)	107 (95%)	105 (94%)	95 (85%)
Burning	7	6 (86%)	6 (86%)	5 (71%)	3 (43%)
Sexual assault	37	33 (89%)	32 (97%)	31 (84%)	26 (70%)
Electrocution	20	20 (100%)	20 (100%)	20 (100%)	19 (95%)
Forced postures	9	9 (100%)	9 (100%)	9 (100%)	8 (89%)
Death threats	56	52 (93%)	52 (93%)	52 (93%)	38 (68%)

Notes. WMA = World Medical Association; UNCAT = United Nations Convention Against Torture; TVRA = Torture Victims Relief Act (USA); ORR = Office of Refugee Resettlement (USA).