AM positive expression was observed in DE cell layers of DE-DM (A) and DE only (D) constructs, adjacent to calcified tissues, while DSPP expression was observed in implant tissues located at a distance from calcified tissues (B, E, H). Collagen IV was detected in all cell seeded constructs (C, F, I). Black arrows indicate positive staining, while white arrows indicate calcified tissue formation. Scale bar = 100 μm.