Table 2.
| Theme 1: Unmet gender role expectations | ||
|---|---|---|
| n | % | |
| Woman more educated | 30 | 1.30 |
| Husband unemployed/economic stress | 109 | 4.74 |
| Male entitlement/began in childhood and continues | 85 | 3.70 |
| Infertility/birth of girls | 47 | 2.04 |
| Unfulfilled household duties by women | 36 | 1.57 |
| TOTAL FOR THEME | 307 | 13.35 |
| Theme 2: Stigma and social norms | ||
|---|---|---|
| n | % | |
| Victims silently bear abuse | 81 | 3.52 |
| Victim’s reaction/Seek Help | 31 | 1.35 |
| Stigma of divorce and sanctioning of abuse | 7 | 0.30 |
| Social norms and tradition | 122 | 5.30 |
| Islam incorrectly applied | 16 | 0.70 |
| TOTAL FOR THEME | 226 | 9.83 |
| Theme 3: Extended family | ||
|---|---|---|
| n | % | |
| In-laws critical: infertility/no sons, housework, financial dependency, reputation/contact with unrelated males, seeking aid for abuse | 72 | 3.13 |
| Who were abusers: beatings by extended family | 464 | 20.17 |
| Husband incited by extended family | 37 | 1.61 |
| Marital in-law extended family (ie mother-in-law, sister-in-law, brother-in-law) | 54 | 2.35 |
| Victims’ own extended family (ie parents, siblings, cousins) | 323 | 14.04 |
| Victims’ marital extended family (ie sons, daughters) | 50 | 2.17 |
| Separation from victim’s male relatives through abandonment or emigration | 30 | 1.30 |
| Honor crimes/fear | 56 | 2.43 |
| TOTAL FOR THEME | 657 | 28.57 |
| Theme 4: Effect on victims | ||
|---|---|---|
| n | % | |
| Forms of adult abuse: | 459 | 19.96 |
| Abandonment or Neglect | 24 | 1.04 |
| Domination or Control | 84 | 3.65 |
| Emotional or Verbal | 123 | 5.35 |
| Homicide | 5 | 0.22 |
| Physical | 210 | 9.13 |
| Sexual | 13 | 0.57 |
| Physical health | 53 | 2.30 |
| Psychological health | 36 | 1.57 |
| Stigma/social isolation/economic | 50 | 2.17 |
| Divorce negative effects: isolation, financial | 17 | 0.74 |
| TOTAL FOR THEME | 615 | 26.74 |
| Theme 5: Protective qualities and help-seeking | ||
|---|---|---|
| n | % | |
| Family- most appropriate and helpful | 106 | 4.61 |
| Spouse protective factors: upbringing/personal qualities | 95 | 4.13 |
| Agencies- limited interest and helpfulness | 76 | 3.30 |
| Law enforcement-less appropriate/unhelpful | 55 | 2.39 |
| Healthcare to cure perpetrator | 27 | 1.17 |
| Religion | ||
| 1) Being religious | 54 | 2.35 |
| 2) Clergy | 16 | 0.70 |
| Community leaders | 20 | 0.87 |
| Educated male relatives | 50 | 2.17 |
| TOTAL FOR THEME | 499 | 21.70 |