Table 1.
Characteristics of women initiating hormonal contraceptives and immediate effect of hormonal contraceptives on HIV-1 disease status.
| Variable | NH (N=109) Mean (95% CI) or percentage | OCP (N=41) Mean (95% CI) or percentage | DMPA (N=43) Mean (95% CI) or percentage | P value (OCP versus NH) | P value (DMPA versus NH) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age | 25.51 (24.68, 26.34) | 24.66 (23.58, 25.74) | 25.51 (24.06, 26.97) | 0.3 | 1.0 |
| Education (years) | 9.13 (8.65, 9.60) | 9.80 (8.92, 10.69) | 9.12 (8.36, 9.87) | 0.2 | 1.0 |
| Gravidity | 1.27 (1.03, 1.51) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.26) | 1.21 (0.78, 1.65) | 0.1 | 0.8 |
| Married | 80.7% (88/109) | 92.7% (38/41) | 93.0% (40/43) | 0.08 | 0.06 |
| Breastfed in interval | 66% (70/106) | 73% (29/41) | 65% (28/43) | 0.5 | 0.9 |
| Timing of visits | |||||
| Months between visits | 2.77 (2.40, 3.14) | 2.58 (2.13, 3.04) | 2.46 (1.99, 2.94) | 0.6 | 0.4 |
| Months postpartum at first visita | 1.83(1.60, 2.07) | 1.32 (1.13, 1.51) | 1.42 (1.15, 1.69) | 0.001 | 0.02 |
| Months postpartum at second visita | 4.60 (4.07, 5.13) | 3.90 (3.34, 4.47) | 3.89 (3.19, 4.58) | 0.07 | 0.1 |
| HIV-1 disease status | |||||
| Log10 HIV-1 RNA at first visita | 4.88 (4.70, 5.07) | 4.47 (4.15, 4.80) | 4.83 (4.52, 5.14) | 0.03 | 0.8 |
| Log10 HIV-1 RNA at second visita | 4.92 (4.73, 5.11) | 4.30 (3.92, 4.68) | 4.89 (4.60, 5.18) | 0.002 | 0.9 |
| Change in log10 HIV-1 RNA per quarter | 0.07 (–0.14, 0.28) | –0.18 (–0.42, 0.06) | 0.09 (–0.14, 0.31) | 0.2* | 0.9* |
| CD4 cell count at first visita | 515.10 (457.62, 572.58) | 589.29 (505.54, 673.04) | 551.07 (473.40, 628.74) | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| CD4 cell count at second visita | 495.52 (440.24, 550.81) | 574.29 (493.21, 655.37) | 558.67 (436.61, 680.73) | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Change in CD4 cell count per quarter | –16.27 (–51.48, 18.94) | –16.34 (–112.02, 79.35) | 30.45 (–101.16, 162.05) | 1.0* | 0.3* |
CI, Confidence interval; DMPA, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate; NH, non-hormonal; OCP, oral contraceptive pill.
a
At first visit all women were not using hormonal contraceptives. At second visit, OCP and DMPA groups were using hormonal contraceptives.
*
P>0.05 in multivariate model including breastfeeding status, gravidity, time of first visit, marital status, and CD4 cell count or log10 viral load at first visit.