Table 1. AM levels in human pregnancy complications.
Studies investigating AM levels in intrauterine growth restriction, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and preterm labor vary widely based on the source of the sample, method of AM measurement, and the magnitude and direction of change in AM levels. Bold text indicates increased AM levels and itaclic text represents reduced AM levels. This wide variation underscores the need for more reliable techniques for sample collection and quantification of AM levels.
| Pregnancy Complication |
Sample Source |
Sample Type |
Assay | Change in Adrenomedullin Levels |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intrauterine Growth Restriction |
umbilical plasma |
AM protein |
commercial radioimmunoassay |
↑ 1.67X in IUGR |
45 |
| Intrauterine Growth Restriction |
maternal and cord venous blood |
AM protein |
"home brewed" radioimmunoassay |
No change |
48 |
| Reduced Fetal Growth |
amniotic fluid | AM protein |
"home brewed" radioimmunoassay |
AM levels inversely correlate with birth weight and height |
46 |
| Intrauterine Growth Restriction |
umbilical and maternal plasma |
AM protein |
HPLC |
No change |
47 |
| Gestational Diabetes |
maternal plasma |
AM protein |
commercial radioimmunoassay |
No change |
49 |
| Gestational Diabetes and Pregnant Women with Type I Diabetes |
maternal and fetal plasma, amniotic fluid |
AM protein |
commercial radioimmunoassay |
↑ 1.36X in amniotic fluid of diabetic pregnancies; no change in maternal or fetal plasma |
50 |
| Pregnant Women with Type I Diabetes |
maternal plasma |
AM protein |
"home brewed" radioimmunoassay |
No change |
51 |
| Gestational Diabetes |
maternal plasma |
AM protein |
"home brewed" radioimmunoassay |
No change |
52 |
| Preeclampsia | maternal plasma |
AM protein |
commercial radioimmunoassay |
↓1.35X in PE |
54 |
| Preeclampsia | amniotic fluid, maternal and umbilical plasma |
AM protein |
commercial radioimmunoassay |
↑2.25X in amniotic fluid and ↑2.13X in umbilical plasma in PE; no change in maternal plasma |
58 |
| Preeclampsia | maternal plasma |
AM protein |
"home-brewed" radioimmunoassay |
No change |
11 |
| Preeclampsia | maternal plasma |
AM protein |
commercial radioimmunoassay |
↑2.5X in PE |
59 |
| Preeclampsia | maternal plasma |
AM protein |
"home-brewed" radioimmunoassay |
No change |
38 |
| Preeclampsia | placental villi | AM mRNA |
qRT-PCR |
↓1.83X expression in PE |
56 |
| Preeclampsia | purified cytotrophoblast cultures |
AM protein and mRNA |
commercial radioimmunoassay, Northern blot |
↓2.91X mRNA and ↓5X protein in PE |
57 |
| Preeclampsia | choriodecudia, amnion, and placental tissue |
AM protein and mRNA |
commercial radioimmunoassay, Northern blot |
↑1.66–2.9X in choriodecidua, ↑1.63–2.26X in amnion; no change in placental tissue |
60 |
| Preeclampsia | maternal plasma |
AM protein |
ELISA |
↑1.3X in PE |
29 |
| Preeclampsia | maternal plasma |
AM protein |
HPLC |
↓1.92X in PE |
63 |
| Preeclampsia | placental tissue | AM mRNA | qRT-PCR |
↓1.18X mRNA in PE |
61 |
| Preeclampsia | maternal plasma |
AM protein |
ELISA |
↑1.07X in PE |
62 |
| Preterm Labor / Premature Rupture of Membranes |
amniotic fluid | AM protein |
commercial radioimmunoassay |
↑1.75X in PROM |
64 |
| Preterm Labor | maternal and fetal plasma, amniotic fluid |
AM protein |
commercial radioimmunoassay |
↑2.95X in amniotic fluid in preterm labor; no change in maternal or fetal plasma |
65 |
| Preterm Delivery | amniotic fluid | AM protein |
"home-brewed" radioimmunoassay |
↑ 1.40X in preterm delivery |
46 |
| Preterm Labor | amniotic fluid | AM protein |
ELISA |
No change |
67 |
IUGR = Intrauterine Growth Restriction, PE = Preeclampsia, RIA= radioimmunoassay, T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus, qRT-PCR = Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR, ELISA = Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HPLC = High-performance liquid chromatography