Fig. 3.

Aldh1a1 deficiency inhibits gluconeogenic pathways. A, Hepatic gene expression of PEPCK, G6Pase, glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL), and glycogen synthase 2 (GYS2) was analyzed in WT (white bars) and Aldh1a1^−/− mice (black bars). B, Western blot analysis of hepatic PEPCK and G6Pase expression. C, WT and Aldh1a1^−/− mice were injected ip with insulin at 5 U/kg body weight. Subsequently, p-Foxo1 (serine 256), total Foxo1, p-AMPKα1 (serine 485)/p-AMPKα2 (serine 491), and total AMPKα were evaluated by immunoblot in liver lysates. D, Hepatic gene expression analysis of C/EBPα, β and δ (n = 6/group; *, P < 0.05).