Fig. 4.

Retinoids and their regulation by Aldh1a1 determine hepatic gluconeogenesis. Primary hepatocytes were isolated from 12- to 14-wk-old WT and Aldh1a1^−/− mice. A and B, Cells were stimulated with vehicle [dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)], indicated retinoids (1 μm), and/or RXR antagonist HX531 (1 μ m) for 24 h before measuring PEPCK and G6Pase mRNA expression. C, WT primary hepatocytes were stimulated with forskolin (FSK, 1 nm), insulin (INS, 30 nm), or vehicle (DMSO) for 4 h before PEPCK and G6Pase mRNA expression. Data represent four independent experiments. *, P < 0.05.