Extranuclear ER suppress SREBP1c and ChREBP mRNA and protein expression in β-cells. A, Effects of E2 (10−8
m) and EDC (10−8
m) treatments (4 h) on lipogenic gene expression normalized to β-actin in INS-1 cells cultured under lipogenic conditions (11 mm glucose without FFA). B and C, Effects of E2 (10−8
m) and EDC (10−8
m) treatments (4 h) on (B) SREBP1c and (C) ChREBP protein expression in INS-1 cells cultured under lipogenic conditions (16 mm glucose without FFA). Results represent the mean ± se of at least three experiments. *, **, or ***, vs. 11 mm or 16 mm glucose. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.