Table 1.
Peripheral and autonomic nerve dysfunction and reduction of sRAGE in diabetes and Charcot neuroarthropathy (mean ± SD).
| Control (n = 30) | Diabetes (n = 30) | Charcot (n = 20) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tibia-ankle | |||
| Amplitude | 8.9 ± 4.1 | 4.3 ± 3.8* | 0.6 ± 1.0† |
| Latency | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 5.5 |
| Conduction velocity | 45.4 ± 3.7 | 35.4 ± 15.2* | 7.7 ± 13.1† |
| F-wave | 54.7 ± 6.4 | 47.5 ± 23.3 | 17.5 ± 29.7† |
| Sural Response (number with positive response) | 30 | 28 | 4 |
| Vibration perception (μ) | 10.6 ± 11.1 | 31.7 ± 27.3* | 100.5 ± 31.5† |
| Pressure perception (g) | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 1.2† |
| Cold sensation (°C) | 5.5 ± 2.7 | 7.7 ± 5.2 | 20.9 ± 9.9† |
| Warm sensation (°C) | 7.1 ± 3.1 | 10.3 ± 3.2* | 14.9 ± 3.2† |
| Cold pain | 24.5 ± 9.0 | 26.4 ± 6.6 | 30.6 ± 3.5† |
| Warm pain | 14.0 ± 3.3 | 15.4 ± 2.5* | 17.5 ± 1.0† |
| Valsalva ratio | 1.43 ± 0.25 | 1.36 ± 0.31 | 1.18 ± 0.28† |
| Parasympathetic deep breathing | 611 ± 13 | 617 ± 13 | 632 ± 18† |
| Sympathetic Valsalva response | 714 ± 17 | 713 ± 16 | 717 ± 20 |
| N telopeptide (NTx; nmol/L) | 13.6 ± 5.5 | 11.4 ± 5.7 | 13.8 ± 8.2 |
| Osteocalcin (ng/mL) | 1.29 ± 0.96 | 1.23 ± 5.7 | 2.29 ± 2.57* |
| sRAGE (pg/mL) | 1140 ± 471 | 522 ± 660‡ | 162 ± 67* |
| Bone mass density (BMD; g/cm2) | |||
| Femoral neck | 1.004 ± 0.141 | 1.048 ± 0.184‡ | 0.904 ± 0.219 |
| Greater trochanter | 1.080 ± 0.157 | 1.116 ± 0.165‡ | 0.987 ± 0.185 |
| Total hip | 1.018 ± 0.129 | 1.037 ± 0.150 | 0.955 ± 0.252 |
| Foot | 0.754 ± 0.081 | 0.792 ± 0.105 | 0.788 ± 0.120 |
| Calcaneal stiffness index | 105.2 ± 14.0 | 103.3 ± 18.6 | 77.1 ± 26.2* |
Continuous data are expressed as mean ± SD; categoric data as n. *p < 0.05 vs control subjects. †p < 0.05 vs diabetic and control subjects. ‡p < 0.05 vs Charcot subjects (Witzke et al., 2011) with permission.