Table 1.

Key Recommendations to Advance the Search for Correlates of Protection

Fully exploiting NHP models, e.g., intensive mucosal and lymphoid tissue sampling and analyses

Parallel preclinical NHP and clinical studies with advanced vaccine candidates, and greater interaction and communication between NHP and clinical researchers

Application of new and technologically advanced methods in vaccine studies (microarrays, single cell assays, etc.) to detect vaccine-induced responses

Substantial effort to develop surrogate assays for mucosal responses from blood

Advancing basic research into understanding the nature and timing of CD4+ help for long-lived T cell memory and antibody affinity maturation for vaccine-induced responses

Developing the infrastructure for storing and sharing samples and data from vaccine trials

More tests of concept clinical trials with flexible design to facilitate the evaluation of new products

NHP, nonhuman primate.