Table 3.
Summary of 12 Studies of Transmitted Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral-Naive Patients from the Latin American and Caribbean Region
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Prevalence of TDR mutations associated with resistance (based on WHO SDRM list) |
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| First author (year of publication) | Country city/region | n | Time period | Prevalent HIV-1 subtypes | Risk | Prevalence of TDR mutations associated with resistance (as cited by author) Any | Any | NRTI | NNRTI | PI |
| Murillo (2010)32 | Honduras—multiple regions | 200 | April 2004–April 2007 | B (99%); 2 samples could not be classified | Heterosexual (86%); MSM (14%) | 14 (7.0%) | 14 (7.0%) | 6 (3.0%) | 10 (5.0%) | 1 (0.05%) |
| DiazGranados (2010)31 | Colombia—multiple regions | 103 | Not provided | Not provided | MSM (54.9%), heterosexual (45.1%) | 6 (5.8%) | 6 (5.8%) | 3 (2.9%) | 5 (4.9%) | 1 (1.0%) |
| Inocencio (2010)29 | Brazil—multiple regions | 210 | 2007–2008 | Subtype B most prevalent in all cities (72%), except Porto Alegre, where C is highly prevalent (69%) | Heterosexual (56.1%), homosexual (23.6%), bisexual (11%) | 17 (8.1%) | 14 (6.7%) | 4 (1.9%) | 6 (2.9%) | 5 (2.4%) |
| Sprinz (2009)29 | Brazil—Brazilian cities (n=13) | 387 | March 2007–Sept. 2007 | B (66.0%); C (12.8%); non-B, non-C (17.0%); not available (4.3%) | Heterosexual (54.3%); MSM (43.2%); IDU (2.5%) | 22 (5.7%) | 17 (4.4%) | 3 (0.8%) | 14 (3.6%) | 4 (1.0%) |
| Lloyd (2008)33 | Honduras—San Pedro Sula and Tegucigalpa | 239 | July 2002–June 2003 | B (99.1%); F1 (0.3%); AD recombinant (0.3%); C (0.3%) | Not provided | 18 (7.5%) | 18 (7.5%)a | 15 (6.3%)a | 12 (5.0%)a | 4 (1.7%) |
| Gonzales (2007)26 | Brazil—São Paulo | 123 | March 2002–December 2006 | B (82%); F (6.5%); C (5.7%) | Heterosexual (exact % not provided) | 8 (6.5%) | 7 (5.6%) | 4 (3.2%) | 3 (2.4%) | 3 (2.4%) |
| Dilernia (2007)35 | Argentina—Buenos Aires | 284 | March 2003–October 2005 | Intersubtype BF recombinants (51.8%); B (45.1%); non-B-non-BF variants (3.2%) | Heterosexual (49.3%); MSM (46.5%); IDU (2.1%); missing data (2.1%) | 12 (4.2%) | 9 (3.2%) | 4 (1.4%) | 3 (1.0%) | 4 (1.4%) |
| Pérez (2007)34 | Cuba—Havana | 250 | May–Sept. 2003 | B (43.6%); unique recombinant forms (21.6%); C (4.0%); G (2.8%); 7 (2.8%) | Mostly MSM, but some women (exact % not provided) | Not reported | 9 (3.6%) | 9 (3.6%) | None | None |
| Lama (2006)36 | Peru—Lima and 5 other cities | 359 | Oct. 2002–March 2003 | B (100%) | MSM | 12 (3.3%) | 12 (3.3%)b | 8 (2.2%)b | 3 (0.8%) | 7 (1.9%) |
| Barreto (2006)29 | Brazil—São Paulo | 341 | July 1998–March 2002 | B (81.2%); recombinant strains (7.5%); F1 (7.3%); C (3.8%) | Not provided (all were blood donors) | 21 (6.1%) | 18 (5.3%) | 12 (3.5%) | 3 (0.9%) | 5 (1.5%) |
| Rodrigues (2006)25 | Brazil—Porto Alegre | 108 | ?2004 | C (58%); B (32%); F1 (3%) | Heterosexual (exact % not provided) | 3 (2.8%) | 4 (3.7%) | 1 (0.9%) | 3 (2.8%) | None |
| Brindeiro (2003)30 | Brazil—metropolitan regions in 8 different Brazilian states | 409 | 2001 | B (62.5%; 64.9%); C (29.5%, 22.8%); F (8.0%, 11.8%) based on RT and PR genomic regions, respectively | Heterosexual (61.7%); homosexual (19.7%); bisexual (7.2%); other/multiple (6.5%); IDU (5.0%) | 22 (6.4%) | 17 (4.2%) | 8 (2.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 8 (2.3%) |
a
Published prevalence is slightly lower than reported here because the authors counted V1181 as an NRTI mutation and V1081 and K238N/T as NNRTI mutations.
b
Published prevalence is slightly lower than reported here because the authors counted T69D as an NRTI mutation.
n>100 subjects (listed in reverse chronologic order).