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Guanidine (Gu) denaturation studies. (A) Comparison of human insulin (HI), human proinsulin (HPI), and 57-residue single-chain insulin (SCI). (B) Comparison of HI, [LysB28-ProB29]-insulin (KP-HI; the active component of Humalog), and AspB28-insulin (D28-HI; the active component of Novolog). Studies were conducted at 37°C. Thermodynamic parameters are given in Table 1; unfolding was monitored by CD at helix-sensitive wavelength 222 nm.
