Figure 1.

(A) Horizontal sections from two levels show fMRI activation maps for a “shallow encoding” task contrasted with fixation and for a “deep encoding” task contrasted with fixation (averaged data from 12 normal subjects; K-S statistical activation map threshold = P < 0.001; brighter colors indicate greater significance; functional data overlie averaged anatomic image; right shown on the right). Both tasks share certain brain areas in common such as posterior visual areas whereas only the deep encoding task shows increased activation of left inferior and dorsal prefrontal areas (indicated with yellow arrows). These robust activations (P < 10⁻⁸) are at peak coordinates [Talairach 1998 atlas (91) (x, y, z)] -40, 9, 34 and -46, 6, 28 for the more dorsal activations and -40, 19, 3 and -43, 19, 12 for the more ventral prefrontal activations. The direct contrast between the deep and shallow encoding tasks also indicated that these regions differed significantly. (B) A horizontal section showing left dorsal prefrontal cortex activation in an amnesic patient during a “deep encoding” task, collected in collaboration with Verfaellie, Schacter, and Gabrieli. Robust activation was detected at -46, 3, 31 similar to normal subjects. The time course of activation within this region is shown to the right. Repeating items across the deep encoding task revealed significantly reduced activation (priming) as indicated by the time course (+, fixation control condition). This latter finding suggests that priming-related changes are present at a functional–anatomic level in amnesia, consistent with preserved behavioral priming often observed in amnesia.