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Estimation of minimum formant dispersion (ΔF) in the roars (n = 103) of Iberian red deer stags using linear regression according to Reby & McComb (2003a). The estimated minimum formant dispersion of 228.15 Hz corresponds to an estimated maximum vt length of 767 mm during the roars. Central points show the means of the first eight formants (F1–F8), whiskers show the SD.
