. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jun 25.

Published in final edited form as: J Genet Psychol. 2012 Apr-Jun;173(2):175–197. doi: 10.1080/00221325.2011.594821

Table 2.

Standardized Total Effects and Total Indirect Effects of Each of the G1 and G2 Psychosocial Latent Constructs on G3 Externalizing Behaviors (N=230).

Latent Variables	G3 Children’s Externalizing Behavior (T6)
Latent Variables	Standardized Total Effects (t-statistic)	Standardized Total Indirect Effects (t-statistic)
T6 Parents’ Child Rearing (G2 with G3)	−.21 (−2.97)^**	Not Applicable
T5 Parents’ Tobacco Use (G2)	.13 (1.93)^*	−0.02 (−1.24)
T5 Parents’ Psychological Symptoms (G2)	.03 (1.71)^*	.03 (1.71)^*
T4 Parents’ Tobacco Use (G2)	.11 (1.93)^*	.11 (1.93)^*
T3 Parents’ Psychological Symptoms (G2)	.18 (2.60)^**	.03 (2.23)^*
T2–T3 Grandmother-Parent relations (G1 with G2)	−.07(−2.63)^**	−.07(−2.63)^**
G1 Grandparents’ Tobacco Use (G1)	.04 (1.99)^*	.04 (1.99)^*

Note:

p<0.05;

^**

p<0.01 (one-tailed test);

Children’s age range: 5–18;

G1=First Generation; G2=Second Generation; G3=Third Generation;

⁴

G1 education at T2, G2 gender, G2 age and marital status at T6, G2 alcohol use, marijuana use, and other illicit drug use at T2, G3 age at T6, and G3 gender were statistically controlled.