Table 2.

Word, design, gesture and ideational fluency: mean total number generated and standard deviation (SD) for healthy controls and patient groups for the standard, lateralization analysis (posterior and frontal) and finer-grained analysis (frontal sub-groups)

	Healthy controls	Posterior patients	Frontal patients		Frontal sub-groups
			Left	Right	LL	RL	SM
	n = 35	n = 20	n = 18	n = 22	n = 10	n = 8	n = 12
Word fluency
Phonemic	16.9	13.8	6.8*** a	12.6*	7.8*** a	14.8	11.2**
	(4.7)	(5.8)	(5.2)	(4.2)	(6.1)	(2.4)	(4.1)
Semantic fruit/vegetables	20.5	14.2**	12.4***	14.3**	13.2***	15.0*	15.3**
	(5.5)	(5.2)	(6.1)	(6.0)	(6.2)	(7.3)	(4.0)
Design fluency
Free	17.9	14.2	10.1**	5.8***a	10.6*	6.1***	7.8***
	(8.3)	(10.1)	(6.7)	(5.1)	(8.5)	(6.5)	(4.4)
Fixed	21.3	16.8	15.8	8.6***a	13.8	8.1***	13.5*
	(8.7)	(8.9)	(8.4)	(6.5)	(7.6)	(6.3)	(9.6)
Gesture fluency
Meaningless movements	17.9	13.4	12.8*	11.3*	11.7*	12.8	10.2**
	(8.2)	(5.3)	(7.1)	(7.0)	(6.9)	(7.5)	(6.1)
Meaningful movements	15.1	13.4	10.9**	10.8*	12.2	11.3	10.6*
	(4.7)	(4.8)	(6.1)	(3.8)	(7.1)	(4.0)	(4.2)
Ideational fluency
Conventional uses	15.2	10.0**	9.9*	10.0**	12.8	11.4	9.8**
	(6.3)	(4.2)	(4.5)	(4.9)	(4.4)	(5.6)	(3.7)
Unconventional uses	13.7	9.9*	6.9***	7.0***	9.4	7.3**	7.4***
	(4.8)	(6.0)	(5.1)	(3.9)	(5.4)	(3.4)	(4.6)

Frontal patients total n = 47; LL = left lateral; RL = right lateral; SM = superior medial; Scores with significant P - values are in bold with significance indicated by *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, compared to healthy controls. ^asignificant comparing left frontal versus right frontal (lateralization analysis) and left lateral versus right lateral (finer-grained analysis).