TABLE 3.
Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of BPH-related outcomes and nocturia by frequency of regular aspirin and ibuprofen use in the past year: Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (1993–2008)
| Regular aspirin use in the past year | Regular ibuprofen use in the past year | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Number of cases |
Multivariable-adjusted RR (95% CI)* |
Multivariable-adjusted RR (95% CI)† |
Number of cases |
Multivariable-adjusted RR (95% CI)* |
Multivariable-adjusted RR (95% CI)† |
| Physician diagnosis of an ‘enlarged prostate or BPH’ | ||||||
| None | 703 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1066 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 1 per week | 146 | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 163 | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | 1.16 (1.02–1.33) |
| 1–2 per week | 79 | 1.16 (0.96–1.40) | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) | 60 | 1.15 (0.93–1.42) | 1.14 (0.92–1.40) |
| 3–4 per week | 144 | 1.09 (0.94–1.27) | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 76 | 1.17 (0.96–1.41) | 1.13 (0.94–1.37) |
| 1 per day | 329 | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 40 | 1.31 (1.02–1.69) | 1.26 (0.98–1.62) |
| ≥2 per day | 60 | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 56 | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) | 0.78 (0.62–0.99) |
| Daily vs non-daily‡ | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 0.90 (0.75–1.07) | ||
| Per 1 category increase | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | ||
| P-trend | 0.81 | 0.41 | 0.64 | 0.96 | ||
| Nocturia (regularly waking two or more times/night to urinate)§ | ||||||
| None | 732 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1175 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 1 per week | 142 | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 1.00 (0.87–1.16) | 133 | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.90 (0.77–1.04) |
| 1–2 per week | 72 | 1.02 (0.84–1.25) | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | 51 | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.90 (0.72–1.14) |
| 3–4 per week | 143 | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 67 | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) | 0.94 (0.77–1.14) |
| 1 per day | 356 | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 1.00 (0.90–1.12) | 40 | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) | 1.10 (0.86–1.41) |
| ≥2 per day | 91 | 1.39 (1.18–1.63) | 1.31 (1.11–1.54) | 70 | 0.94 (0.78–1.15) | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) |
| Daily vs non-daily‡ | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | ||
| Per 1 category increase | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | ||
| P-trend | 0.024 | 0.16 | 0.74 | 0.25 | ||
| Finasteride use | ||||||
| None | 62 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 105 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 1 per week | 10 | 0.84 (0.43–1.64) | 0.85 (0.44–1.64) | 17 | 1.29 (0.77–2.14) | 1.28 (0.77–2.14) |
| 1–4 per week | 23 | 1.27 (0.79–2.03) | 1.24 (0.76–2.01) | 10 | 0.91 (0.48–1.72) | 0.90 (0.47–1.70) |
| ≥1 per day | 47 | 1.37 (0.94–1.98) | 1.34 (0.91–1.97) | 10 | 1.06 (0.56–2.00) | 0.99 (0.51–1.91) |
| Daily vs non-daily‡ | 1.33 (0.94–1.87) | 1.30 (0.91–1.85) | 1.04 (0.55–1.95) | 0.97 (0.50–1.86) | ||
| Per 1 category increase | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 1.02 (0.85–1.21) | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | ||
| P-trend | 0.077 | 0.12 | 0.86 | 0.99 | ||
| Any self-reported BPH-related outcomes or nocturia | ||||||
| None | 1201 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1880 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 1 per week | 239 | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 241 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) |
| 1–2 per week | 126 | 1.08 (0.96–1.23) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 93 | 1.03 (0.89–1.18) | 1.01 (0.88–1.17) |
| 3–4 per week | 240 | 1.06 (0.97–1.17) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 121 | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) |
| 1 per day | 581 | 1.03 (0.97–1.11) | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | 65 | 1.22 (1.04–1.43) | 1.16 (0.99–1.36) |
| ≥2 per day | 123 | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 110 | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) |
| Daily vs non-daily‡ | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | ||
| Per 1 category increase | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | ||
| P-trend | 0.056 | 0.57 | 0.81 | 0.59 | ||
| Prostate enlargement (prostate volume ≥30 mL on any follow-up DRE)§ | ||||||
| None | 1270 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1883 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 1 per week | 229 | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 244 | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) |
| 1–2 per week | 118 | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 94 | 1.01 (0.88–1.15) | 0.99 (0.87–1.14) |
| 3–4 per week | 228 | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 125 | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) |
| 1 per day | 569 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 60 | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 1.09 (0.94–1.27) |
| ≥2 per day | 113 | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 121 | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) |
| Daily vs non-daily‡ | 0.99 (0.93–1.04) | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | ||
| Per 1 category increase | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | ||
| P-trend | 0.51 | 0.10 | 0.39 | 0.73 | ||
| PSA elevation (PSA level >1.4 ng/mL on any follow-up test)§ | ||||||
| None | 653 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1012 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 1 per week | 141 | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 116 | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) |
| 1–2 per week | 65 | 1.02 (0.83–1.27) | 1.03 (0.83–1.28) | 44 | 0.88 (0.68–1.15) | 0.90 (0.69–1.17) |
| 3–4 per week | 126 | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) | 1.07 (0.92–1.26) | 75 | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | 1.23 (1.01–1.48) |
| 1 per day | 301 | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 31 | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 1.04 (0.76–1.41) |
| ≥2 per day | 49 | 0.85 (0.66–1.09) | 0.86 (0.67–1.10) | 57 | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | 0.89 (0.71–1.13) |
| Daily vs non-daily‡ | 0.94 (0.84–1.04) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.92 (0.77–1.11) | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) | ||
| Per 1 category increase | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | ||
| P-trend | 0.43 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.91 | ||
Estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance estimation. Models for self-reported outcomes included terms for age and time between the baseline and supplemental questionnaires. Models for prostate enlargement and PSA elevation included terms for age, and number of follow-up DREs and PSA tests, respectively.
Estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance estimation and adjusted for age, race and baseline body mass index, histories of hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, arthritis and clinical prostatitis, and intakes of total energy, carbohydrates, fats and vitamin C from the diet and supplements, as well as multivitamin use. Models for self-reported outcomes additionally included terms for time between the baseline and supplemental questionnaires, and models for prostate enlargement and PSA elevation included terms for number of follow-up DREs and PSA tests, respectively.
Non-daily use includes no reported use of NSAIDs in the past year.
Among men who did not report finasteride use by the time of assessment of the outcome.