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One study had no previous laparoscopic experience. (101) All other studies were experienced in laparoscopy.
Learning curve was variably defined as learning curve (87); initial experience with robotic technique (101); early experience (88); transition to robotic surgery. (104)
Mean difference: 19.45, 95% CI: -112.53, 106.73, p=0.96 (taken from Ficarra et al., 2009). (18)
